Business ethics Essay

It is a form of applied ethics or professional ethics that examines ethical principles and moral or ethical problems that arise in business environment. It applies to all aspect of business and is relevant to the conduct of individuals and entire organization. Ethics is mainly concerned with what is good versus bad, what is right versus wrong. Deontology is an ethical theory that holds that actions are right or wrong independent of their consequences. Utilitarianism is an ethical theory that holds that actions are right if they produce the greatest amount of good for the greatest number of people. Corporate social responsibility is the obligation towards the society assumed by business. The business maximizes its positive effects on society and minimizes and its negative effects. An illustration of of an ethical and social responsibility issue related to the textile manufacturing business. In today’s global business where large multinational corporations like the textile industry face charges of violating human rights in third world countries. Using child labor questions the human rights, ethics and social responsibility of the textile manufacturing industry. An analysis of how the textile manufacturing illustration applies to decision making and operations in an ethical and social responsible business. The economic responsibilities of business would produce products that society wants at a price that perpetuates the textile business. The textile manufacturing business decides on legal responsibilities where the obey local state federal and global laws. The textile manufacturing business makes decision based on their ethical responsibilities of meeting other societal expectation written or not written by law. Ethical obligations are a set of â€Å"ought to† standards that define a moral course of action and draw a line between right and wrong. Although ethical obligations in business share similarities with legal rules and regulations in determining how a business conduct itself while striving to make profit and achieve strategic company goals. Ethical obligations are really more about discretionary decisions value guided behavior. For example respecting the religious sentiments and dignity of people while advertising for a product. Legal obligations every business has a responsibility to operate within the laws of the land. Since these laws are meant for the good of the society, a law abiding enterprise is a socially responsible enterprise as well Scope and objectives The scope of ethics indicates its subject matter. Ethics as normative science deals with moral ideal or the good in order to enquire the nature of our conduct. It enquires into the nature of the springs of action, motives, intentions, and voluntary actions and so on. It determines rightness or wrongness of human action. As a science of morality ethics discusses the contents of moral consciousness and the various problems of moral consciousness. Ethics is concerned with the highest good or absolute good. It investigates the nature of its fundamental notions that is right, duty and good. It includes whatever has reference to free human acts, weather as principle or cause of action or as effect or circumstance of action (merit, punishment etc. ) Ethics discuss the nature of human freedom . ethics investigates what constitutes good or bad, just or unjust. It also enquires into what is virtue, law, conscience and duty? What obligations are common to all? What is good in all good acts? These questions lie within the scope of ethics. Objectives: Some of the most common ethical obligations in business relate to recruiting and hiring staff, maintaining safe and healthy work environment use business resources wisely and avoiding situations that have the potential to create a conflict of interest, such as accepting gifts from suppliers or making a hiring decisions not because the applicant has the best qualifications but because the applicant is a relative of the business owner. It also includes considering how and where suppliers get their products and weather to sell the products that are detrimental to the health of customers such as cigarettes and fatty foods.

Islam and Religious Group Essay

†¢Religious groups (based on http://religions. pewforum. org/pdf/affiliations-all-traditions. pdf) oChristianity †¢Evangelical Protestant †¢Mainline Protestant †¢Historically Black Churches †¢Roman Catholic †¢Latter-Day Saints (Mormons) †¢Jehovah’s Witnesses †¢Orthodox (Greek, Eastern) oJudaism (Orthodox, Conservative, or Reform) oBuddhism (Theravada or Mahayana) oIslam (Sunni, Shia, Sufism) oHinduism †¢Ethnic groups (based on divisions in U. S. Census Bureau documents) oAsian (Asian descent) oBlack (African descent). oHispanic and Latino (South or Central American descent) oPacific Islander (Polynesian descent) oWhite (European descent) Part III Answer the following questions in 150 to 250 words each about the religious group you selected: †¢How does your selected religious group differ from other religious groups (such as in their beliefs, worship practices, or values)? †¢What has been the experience of your selected religious group with others that do not share its beliefs or practices? †¢In what ways has the religious group you selected contributed to American culture? †¢Provide specific examples of prejudice or discrimination your selected religious group has experienced. †¢What were the sources of this prejudice or discrimination? †¢Does what you’ve learned about this religious group help you understand it? In what ways? Answer the following questions in 150 to 250 words each about the ethnic group you selected: †¢How does your selected ethnic group differ from other ethnic groups (such as differences in ancestry, language, or culture)? †¢What has been your selected ethnic group’s experience with other ethnic groups? †¢In what ways has the ethnic group you selected contributed to American culture? †¢Identify some specific examples of prejudice or discrimination that your selected ethnic group has experienced historically. †¢What were the sources of this prejudice or discrimination? †¢Does what you’ve learned about this ethnic group help you understand it? How? Part IV Answer the following questions in 150 to 250 words each: †¢How are the prejudice and discrimination experienced by your selected religious group and ethnic group similar? †¢How are they different? †¢Can you draw any conclusions about discrimination from this comparison.

Clinical Health Psychology Assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Clinical Health Psychology Assignment - Essay Example Limitations of the current research are discussed. The cognitive and emotional experience of cancer is associated with a broad range of reactions, from fear and anger to reconciliation and hope. Throughout the development of psychology science, cancer had always been one of the most problematic and challenging aspects of psychological strategies. Based on what the current research tells us, it is at least ridiculous to believe that psychologists can prevent cancer: they can either effectively alleviate the emotional and cognitive difficulties that necessarily emerge the moment the individual is being diagnosed with cancer, or contribute to the development of rational self-assessment and medical evaluation behaviors, which will help individuals, especially those with the genetic predisposition to cancer, to reduce the risks of being diagnosed with cancer when it is too late. The question of whether psychologists can prevent cancer is actually a question of whether psychology and individuals’ mental health are the basic predictors of cancer in various groups of patients. Postmodern medical science displays the tendency toward recognizing mental health conditions and complications as important contributors to other complex health states like asthma, diabetes, and even peptic ulcers (Nevid, 2008). Stress is cited among the most widely spread chronic health conditions that add their share of complexity to coronary heart disease and regular headaches (Nevid, 2008). For this reason, psychologists could provide individuals with effective support and reduce the risks of asthma and cardiovascular diseases associated with stress. Unfortunately, there is no clear answer to the question of whether cancer is the result of psychological influences. The extensive body of research proves psychology counseling to be an effective instrument of alleviating

Climate change Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 2

Climate change - Essay Example People who have inhabited different regions of the earth have been interviewed based on historic data told by the forefathers in comparison to the climatic condition in the place at the moment. The quantitative technique that yields more substantial outcome involves taking measurements to determine the rise in sea level that is attributed to the melting of polar ice. Also, the measurements try to relate claims that human increased emission of greenhouse gases contributes to the same. Further research to substantiate the claims is directed towards the determination of the overall temperature of the water bodies. The results indicate that there is a general change in climate all over the world considering other factors such as ocean acidification and decrease in ice cover compared to the past. The level of technology used in gathering the data is convincing, but further research is imperative for one to draw sound conclusions. However, it is crucial to establish more evidence beyond reasonable doubts by considering the sequence of the earth climate variations. Data on climate provide some evidence that the world is undergoing a series of climate variability, and the noticeable changes have nothing to do with human activities among other causative

Stella Macartney and sustainablity Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

Stella Macartney and sustainablity - Essay Example s such as the environment, human beings and the ecological make up are some of the major factors which should be given sustainability as far as fashion designing is concerned (Moisander, 2002). Sustainability is a fundamental social necessity today. Majority of the customers who are engaged in the purchase of the fashion products are obliged to put into consideration the effect of their product on the environment, the economy and the lives of other animals. Our practitioner in this study is Stella McCartney. The designer is a British born; she is a daughter to the famous pop star Paul McCartney and the animal right activist Linda McCartney. Stella started the art of designing at her teens. She won awards from the art even though she explains that she did not inherit the fame from her parents who were already on the media scenes due to their respective lines of duties which greatly exposed them. Stella’s fame was her own making. The major issue arising from Stella’s work is the problem of choosing new materials and trying to make it blend well with the satisfaction of the people who depends on the products. Another problem is the social view which touches on the people and the environmental things as well as other animals. There are many people who are against the use of animal products in the fashion wares. Stella incorporated her mother’s view which considered the rights of the animals. She was against the idea that animals were mistreated in the name of extraction of the raw materials for the designing companies. Because many companies used animal products such as leather and fur, her view obviously became an issue in the designing sector. Stella was for sustainability and for that anything which posed a threat to other ecological make up was not good for her. Animal injustices are a global concern. It has been established that many animals undergo a lot of suffering from human beings who d epend on their skin for the fashion designs. India and china

English Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 72

English - Essay Example To be specific, the villagers never try to realize that their belief in ‘the lottery’ is false. Instead, the blindly accept the tradition and happen to be the victims of the same. The speaker in the work by Shirley Jackson states that, â€Å"Soon the men began to gather, surveying their own children, speaking of planting and rain, tractors and taxes† (6). Besides, the lottery is used as a tool to sustain orthodoxy, but it brutally punishes individuals. Jackson Bill knows that lottery is not a fortune to his family. Still, he never tries to act against this inhuman custom. As the community members are supposed to follow the orthodoxy, one cannot expect the protagonist (say, Jackson Bill) to act against the same. S.T. Joshi opines that, â€Å"Certainly there is nothing supernatural about â€Å"The Lottery† (1948), whose impact rests on the very possibility of its occurrence† (13). From a different angle of view, the author makes use of the helpless cha racters to expose the inhuman aspects of orthodoxy. On the other side, the villagers still believe that sacrifice can result in fortune (say, good harvest). The author makes use of Tessie as the tool to proclaim the need to discard orthodoxy. Tessie is portrayed as the victim of orthodoxy, but she does not try to subdue to the same. Instead, she tries to express her views on forced human sacrifice. Still, this does not change the villagers’ attitude because their belief is blind. They never try to go beyond orthodoxy because their community never allows it. James Hugh Toner makes clear that, â€Å"By custom, others in the family join in to kill the lottery â€Å"winner†Ã¢â‚¬  (9). Bill knows that he cannot save his wife. Still, he does not try to save his wife. On the other side, Tessie tries to educate the villagers on their inhuman orthodoxy, but for no use. So, the author expects that Tessie’s fate will create awareness among the mass on the need to discard inhuman rituals

Homer, The Iliad Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Homer, The Iliad - Essay Example This lack of temperance that is also referred to as Achilles’ rage is his most tragic of flaws that resulted in thousands of death for the Greeks when he left the battle with the Trojans (Homer & De Jong 16). Because of his thirst for prizes and glory, he is not able to control himself when faced with defeat and humiliation, and he was not justified to leave the battle. One can view his rage as a spectator as Achilles waits by his ships inexorably as the Argives die in their numbers. One could say that he acts as a spoilt brat who loves to create havoc that will satisfy his self-righteousness. Achilles is completely conscious of the impact his absence has, and he expresses his wish clearly to wait until the Trojans had reached Hellespont at which point he would engage the Trojans and Hector. It is only, when Patroclus dies that he is pushed to act, and from this angle, it is hard to see how the destruction of Trojan and Greek armies bolsters any of the factions or, indeed, Ach illes (Homer & De Jong 18). The Iliad has no serenity, and even Achilles’ reconciliation with Priam is more resignation than acceptance. It is, therefore, simple to accuse Achilles of a lack of justification because, despite any will of biting one’s nose to spite the face, any behavior in any way cannot be as wrong and unjustified as the action of Achilles (Homer & De Jong 18). However, even in judging Achilles’ actions as unjustified, it is possible that one is projecting his/her rage on Achilles (Homer & De Jong 21). One is able to deflect their destructive tendencies in the same manner as a small time, thief discounts his/her culpability through a comparison of their actions to charlatans who trick the elderly to give up their pension savings. Therefore, any study of the justification of Achilles’ rage needs introspection, instead of projection. It is vital to ask why anger that is destructive and fulfilling to the point of fulfillment is overwhelming on a desire for, say, food that nurtures. Achilles, as a character, is an extremely complicated persona than a warrior who would allow their fellow soldiers to be slaughtered because he lost a girl to a person who was so self-serving that eh was forced to sacrifice his children so as to be a warrior (Homer & De Jong 22). He tells those who want him to take up his sword and shield and return to battle that a similar honor lays in wait for the brave and the coward. He also repeats these words in the underworld as he says to Odysseus that he prefers to become a slave on the earth than become a king of dead people. Fully knowledgeable of his fate of a glorious death, we could say that his anger has some degree of justification. However, can his actions, or those of anyone else for that matter, also be justifiable? In numerous ways, life can be perceived as a series of losses with the manner in which we deal with these losses defining us. While rage does seem to fulfill individuals and, maybe, we are not too different to Achilles since we are willing to push the potential of our rage to block out life’s pains, especially the pains that make them face their mortality (Homer & De Jong 22). Achilles is not able to separate himself from his lust for victory and glory, which is a caprice that fades as time moves on and comes to have no meaning in

Organization Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Organization - Research Paper Example The study of organizational behaviour utilizes information gathered and interpretation of the findings for canalizing the behaviour of individuals as well as groups within the organizational environment (Lycos Inc. 2013). It is in this context that prevalence of ineffective communication strategies often gives rise to perplexities within the organisational environment and thus works as a core reason for many organisational issues as can be witnessed in the case of HSBC (Slater and Cruise, 2012). Issues of Motivation Motivation plays a pivotal role in the organizational context often being referred as a determinant which reveals that how much effort can be given in order to attain organizational effectiveness by individual employees. Effective organizational behaviour helps in fostering motivation and team spirit in order to attain the desired objectives of the organization. However, in the absence of effective motivation, employees are most likely to avoid additional responsibilities and decipher reluctance towards change, giving rise to particular issues within the organisational environment (Lycos Inc. 2013). Performance and Rewards Appraisal Performance and rewards appraisal can be depicted as a process through which evaluation of contribution rendered by the employees in the organization are reviewed during a specific period of time. Appraisal of performance in the modern day context emphasizes on objectives to attain the desired level of performance as well as setting of goals for the organization. Hence, in the absence of such systems, organisational leaders are likely to lack in directing employees towards organisational goals and thus face difficulties in obtaining the desired level of performance from... This essay stresses that effective leadership with organisational environment, deciphered by interpersonal roles towards decision making can further play a major role in mitigating organizational issues of any organization. In this context, it can be stated that by motivating members in the organization, managers are capable of attaining their desired organizational goals. It can also be stated that with the management of group dynamics with effective leadership, various issues can be prevented at the onset. Additionally, the leaders are also responsible in evaluating performance of employees and provide rewards to the employees for maintaining effective performance that can certainly result in the successful prevention of organizational behaviour related issues by a greater extent. This paper makews a conclusion that the organizational behaviour acts as a vital aspect in the modern day context. It is an application of managerial knowledge and skills used for investigating group as well as individual behaviour within an organizational setting. The issues of organizational behaviour such as managing communication, leadership, participation, and change management among others are required to be mitigated for organizational effectiveness. It is worth mentioning in this context that effective communication, effective leadership, and adherence to proper ethical standards shall be referred as major initiatives to mitigate issues related with organizational behaviour.

Literary Analysis Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

Literary Analysis - Article Example The war with the Koreans symbolized a sense of not belonging or alienation in America. The story is a portentous reminder of the devastations that families went through and male emigration during the Vietnam War. The story provides different versions of the Chinese-American experiences and different contradictions that shaped these experiences. The character ‘Brother’ reveals the contradictions that shaped Chinese-American experiences that were felt during the historical period in which the story is set. The younger of the author highly opposed the Vietnam War. The brother was forced to make a decision between running away to Canada and going to the Vietnam War which made him enlist himself in the navy in order to fight in that war even though he joined the navy with no intention of killing anyone. Even though he was born in America and fought for America, the brother remained an object of suspicion. The author points out how many Chinese men were going into America in order to avoid being forced to serve in the Chinese military. During the basic training, he was asked by the company commander on where he came from. He was also found to speak pretty good English which makes him a communications specialist. This entails something analogous to a certification or the confirmation of his Americanness. In this chapter, Kingston imagined of how her brother was able to resolve the contradictions that were faced by the Chinese Americans-this is a sense of a fragmented belonging and identity . He was able to manage both Chinese and American hence bringing in an integrated identity (Ludwig and lexoae-Zagni 152). Her brother moved from one experience to the other and in he returned back to America in the end. The brother had managed both Chinese and Americans but ended up returning to America, which brings in a contradiction of the Chinese-American experience. A similar case is found in â€Å"Birds of paradise lost† by Andrew Lam. The story is

Reading To a Child Everyday and Language Development Essay

Reading To a Child Everyday and Language Development - Essay Example Nativist perspective: This theory was suggested by Noam Chomsky and has remained significant in understanding language acquisition in children. The nativist perspective postulates that children learn through their innate ability to organize language laws. However, the theory acknowledges that children cannot utilize their ability to organize and utilize language laws in the absence of adults. Based on this theory, children have in-born Language Acquisition Device embedded in their brains, which enable them to learn language skills as they grow (Martin, Fabes & Fabes, 2009). Social interactionist theory: This theory emphasizes on the environment and context in which language is acquired. According to this theory, pragmatics of a language precedes grammar. Children and adults live in a negotiated environment where there is likelihood of feedbacks. As such, language develops through one’s negotiation of his or her environment (Martin, Fabes & Fabes, 2009). Language development stems from children’s desire to learn and share new information with others. The theory argues that language acquisition takes both biological and social dimensions. Cognitive theory: In this theory, Jean Piaget postulated that symbols and structures constitute language and becomes exposed as children’s brains develop. Consequently, language is a mental activity. Piaget’s cognitive theory on how a child’s brain develops has for a long time been influential in shaping educational theory (Ellis, 2006; Pütz, 2001).

IDEA and Special Education Annotated Essay Example for Free

IDEA and Special Education Annotated Essay Bowen, S. and Rude, H. (2006). Assessment and students with disabilities: Issues and challenges with educational reform. Rural Special Education Quarterly, 25 (3), pp. 24-30. Retrieved October 14, 2008, from Academic Search Premier database. Bowen and Rude pointed out that the 2004 reauthorization of IDEA reflected an effort to align IDEA with NCLB. This article focuses specifically on the problem of accountability, eligibility for special education services, summary of performance, and transition services for special education students. Also included are guiding principles for selecting appropriate accommodations for assessments. Ketterlin-Geller, L. (2007). Recommendations for accommodations: Implications of (in)consistency. Remedial and Special Education, 28 (4), pp. 194-206. Retrieved October 14, 2008, from Academic Search Premier. The author noted the importance of appropriate accommodations for students who have special needs. Unfortunately, student IEPs are often not aligned with the actual accommodations that are made in the classroom. This disagreement between the classroom teacher and the IEP team results in inconsistent accommodations which, according to Ketterlin-Geller, have a negative effect on student outcomes. The author outlined several possible causes for these inconsistencies. Ketterlin-Geller concluded, Regardless of the root cause for the disagreement between IEPs and teachers, the current system is placing teachers in the awkward position of enacting a set of predetermined, legally binding guidelines with the intention of providing the support needed for their students to succeed. Lynch, S. and Adams, P. (2008). Developing standards-based Individualized Education Program objectives for students with significant needs. Teaching Exceptional Children, 40 (3), pp. 36-39. Retrieved October 14, 2008, from Academic Search Premier. Lynch and Adams noted the apparent conflict between the expectations of NCLB and the requirements of IDEA described guidelines that may be used to help districts to develop assessments that are inline with student IEPs. This article focuses on developing assessments that address pre-symbolic levels of learning, early symbolic learning, and expanded symbolic levels of learning. National Education Association (2004). IDEA and NCLB: Intersection of Access and Outcomes. Retrieved October 14, 2008, from http://www. nea. org/specialed/images/ideanclbintersection. pdf This 47-page booklet describes the implications of NCLB for IDEA. Section One of the booklet addresses standardized assessments for students with disabilities, including acceptable accommodations under NCLB. The booklet also addresses how special education may affect Annual Yearly Progress (AYP) reports. The text includes several links to documents that may be used for policy guidance for districts that are developing policies for special education. Turnbull, H. (2005). Individuals With Disabilities Education Act Reauthorization: Accountability and personal responsibility. Remedial Special Education, 26 (6), pp. 320-326. Retrieved October 14, 2008, from Academic Search Premier database. Turnbull noted that IDEA 2004 reflects the concept that the teacher, the school, and the federal government share in the responsibility of improving student outcomes. Turnbull argued that this scope of responsibility must also include parents and students if learning and student achievement are to take place. U. S. Congress (2002). No Child Left Behind Act of 2001. Public Law 107-110. 2002. Retrieved October 14, 2008, from http://www. ed. gov/legislation/ESEA02/107-110. pdf This is the full text of NCLB. Altogether, the law is 670 pages long. The sheer volume of NCLB makes it difficult for many parents and school administrators to read through understand. References to IDEA and special education are spread throughout the bill; however, the most reference with the most significance for special education is found on page 1448-1449, in which not less than 95 percent of students, including students in special education, are required to take assessments with accommodations, guidelines, and alternative assessments provided in the same manner as those provided under the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA). U. S. Congress (2004). Individuals with Disabilities Education Improvement Act of 2004, Public Law 108-446. Retrieved October 14, 2008, from http://www. copyright. gov/legislation/pl108-446. pdf The full text of the 2004 reauthorization of IDEA. It is interesting to note that although IDEA 2004 was passed 2 years after the enactment of NCLB, there is no reference to NCLB in IDEA 2004. IDEA 2004 does note, however, that all children with disabilities are included in all general State and districtwide assessment programs (p. 40). Provisions are also made for alternative assessments. The philosophy of NCLB is also reflected in the IDEA 2004 requirement that states and school districts shall report the number of students who required an alternative assessment and how those students performed on the assessment (p. 41). Voltz, D. and Fore, C. (2006). Urban special education in the context of standards-based reform. Remedial and Special Education, 27 (6), pp. 329-336. Retrieved October 14, 2008, from Academic Search Premier. Critics of NCLB have argued that children from low-income families are more likely to have difficulty passing standardized assessments. Voltz and Fore pointed out that education does not occur in a vacuum. To be effective, education reform must be linked to broader social reform, including reforms that reduce poverty and that address the effect of poverty on student achievement. Wakeman, S. , Browder, D., Meier, I. , and McColl, A. (2007). The implications of No Child Left Behind for students with developmental disabilities. Mental Retardation Developmental Disabilities Research Reviews, 13 (2), pp. 143-150. Retrieved October 14, 2008, from Academic Search Premier database. This review addresses how to develop appropriate alternative assessments for children who have developmental delays and the implications of NCLB for curriculum and instruction for these children. The authors encouraged teachers to work towards meeting challenging academic standards for their students with developmental delays and noted that there is no research indicating that functional skills must be mastered before academic learning can take place. Wakeman, et al. , also pointed out that the requirements of NCLB may make it more difficult to recruit and to retain teachers who are qualified to work with this population. Wasta, M. (2006). No Child Left Behind: The death of special education? Phi Delta Kappan, 88 (4), pp. 298-299. Retrieved October 14, 2008, from Academic Search Premier. In this editorial, Wasta argues that NCLB includes unrealistic expectations for the educational outcomes of students with disabilities. Wasta fears that NCLB may lead some schools to eliminate their special education programs altogether. Despite his concerns about NCLB, Wasta contends that special education students should not be exempt from assessments and other provisions of the law. Instead, NCLB should be modified to include realistic expectations for special education students and special education programs.

Cask of Amontialldo - Character Traits Essay Example for Free

Cask of Amontialldo Character Traits Essay The character of Montresor in, â€Å"The Cask of Amontillado† is one who can only be defined with words along the lines of evil, or wicked. He vows to avenge the bold and childish Fortunato, whom Montresor swears did him wrong. Montresor could be described with many bold words, one being guilty. Though he is guilty, he is determined not to get caught. For instance, Montresor declares, â€Å"I must not only punish, but punish with impunity† (Poe, 1). Essentially, he is saying he will seek revenge on Fortunato, but he will get away with the vicious crime. Another obvious character trait for the devious Montresor, is dishonest. He claims to have obtained a cask of Amontillado, when the reader can tell through situational irony this is not true. He claims, â€Å" I have received a pipe of what passes for Amontillado, but I have my doubts† (Poe 1). Fortunato unknowingly follows the fiend, and in theory, seals his own fate. Montresor is also quite sneaky. He slyly gets Fortunato into a small inlet in his wine cellar also a home for skeletal remains. He hastily chains him up before the poor Fortunato can even realize what’s happening. Explaining the situation, Montresor says, â€Å" inding his progress arrested by the rock, stood stupidly bewildered a moment more and i fettered him to the granite† (Poe 4). Lastly, Montresor is just plain mysterious. Readers never know exactly why he decided to go after Fortunato, but it is hinted he offended the killer in some way. When asked about his coat of arms, Montresor blatantly states, â€Å"A human foot the foot crushes a serpent rampant whose fangs are imbedded in the heel† (Poe 3). The motto underneath is â€Å"nemo me impune lacessit† (Poe 3). To conclude, Montresor plays not only a degrading character, but one of many evils.

Cinema Sequels And Remakes

Cinema Sequels And Remakes Preamble: The remake is both an industrial and a critical genre. Defined primarily in relation to a body of copyright law, the acknowledged or credited remake develops from being an ethical solution to the early practice of duping to become an economically driven staple of the Hollywood industrial mode of representation. Following the Hollywood recession of 1969 and the small-and-weird-can-be-beautiful-revolution of the early seventies, the remake (along with the sequel) becomes typical of the defensive production and marketing strategies of a post Jaws Hollywood. In the case of the unacknowledged remake, the absence of a production credit shifts attention from a legal-industrial definition to a critical-interpretive one, in which the remake is determined in relation to a general discursive field [that] is mediated by the structure of the [filmic] system and by the authority of the [film and] literary canon (Frow, Intertextuality and Ontology 46). In either instance, the intertextual referentiality between a remake and its `original is largely extratextual (Friedberg 175), located in historically specific technologies and institutional practices such as copyright law and authorship, canon formation and film literacy. In their almost one thousand page long Cinema Sequels and Remakes, 1903-1987, Roben Nowlan and Gwendoline Wright Nowlan devote not quite two full pages to explaining the selection criteria for one thousand and twenty five alphabetically listed primary films and the many more associated remakes and sequels that make up their reference volume. The brevity of Nowlan and Nowlans introduction is attributable to the fact that they make little attempt to define either remake or sequel, but rather take these as received categories, i.e., their principal criterion for selection is that a film has been previously designated as a remake or sequel in any two or more of a number of unidentified but reliable source[s], which list remakes and sequels of certain genres of films (xi-xii). While this type of lax definition makes for a wide selection of material and does not preclude the inferential reconstruction of at least some of the unspecified principles of selection (through an examination of th ose films that have been included), Nowlan and Nowlans intuitive approach underscores the extent to which the remake is conceived more through actual usage and common understanding than through rigorous definition.(1) While Nowlan and Nowlan put aside problems of categorization to list thousands of films, Michael B. Druxmans more modest (in scope) Make It Again, Sam, which sets out to provide a comprehensive dissertation on the remake practice by detailing the film life of [thirty-three] literary properties (9), attempts to ground its selection in some preliminary definitions. Druxman begins by electing to limit the category of remake to those theatrical films that were based on a common literary source (i.e., story, novel, play, poem, screenplay), but were not a sequel to that material (9). This seemingly infallible signpost is however complicated by those films that are obviously remakes [but] do not credit their origins (9). In such cases Druxman adopts a heuristic devicea rule of thumbwhich requires that a new film borrow more than just an element or two from its predecessor to qualify (9). This in turn allows Druxman to distinguish between nonfiction films of a single historical incident or b iography of a historical figure (e.g., the mutiny on the Bounty or the life of Jesse James) which differ because they are based around competing versions of the same incident, and those nonfiction films of a like historical incident which are similar even though they are based upon diverse literary sources (9). As might be expected from an approximate rule which arbitrates according to whether a films borrowings are significant or only amount to an element or two, Druxman ultimately admits that there were many marginal situations [in which he] simply used [his] own discretion in deciding whether or not to embrace [a film as a remake] (9). Although Druxmans recognition of unacknowledged remakes introduces a number of methodological difficulties, he funkier grounds his discussion by viewing Hollywood remaking practice as a function of industry pragmatism, driven by three major factors. Firstly, Druxman argues that the decision to remake an existing film is primarily a voluntary one based on the perceived continuing viability of an original story. However, industry demand for additional material during the studio-dominated era of the thirties and forties and attempts to rationalize the often high costs of source acquisition prompted studios to consider previously filmed stories as sources for B pictures, and even for top of the bill productions (13). As Tino Balio points out, the Hollywood majors had story departments with large offices in New York, Hollywood, and Europe that systematically searched the literary marketplace and stage for suitable novels, plays, short stories, and original ideas (99). Taking as an example story acquisitions at Warner Brothers between 1930 and 1949, Balio notes that the pattern of source acquisition demonstrates two often contradictory goals: (1) the desire to base films on pretested material, that is, low-risk material that was already well known and well received by the public and (2) the desire to acquire properties as inexpensively as possible, especially during declining or uncertain economic circumstances (Robert Gustafson qtd. in Balio 99). In practice this meant that while Warners often invested in expensive pre-sold properties, such as best-selling novels and Hollywood hit plays, it offset the high costs of pretested properties by using original screenplays written in its screenwriting department and by relying heavily on `the cheapest pretested material of allearlier Warner pictures (99). Druxmans second, related point is that the customary studio practice at the time of purchasing the rights to novels, plays, and stories in perpetuity meant that a company was able to produce multiple versions of a particular property without making additional payments to the copyright holder (15). Canonized classics of literature, such as Treasure Island and The Three Musketeers, not only had pre-sold titles, but because they were in the public domain, had the added advantage of requiring no initial payment for their dramatic rights (18-20). While the majority of recycled, previously purchased source material (particularly from those films that had done fair to poorly at the box office) made its way into B-unit production (Balio 100), high profile titles were sometimes remade to take advantage of new technologies and practices. Accordingly, Druxmans third and final point relates to the profit potential of redoing established films in order to exploit new stars or screen techniques, e .g., Michael Curtizs 1938 version of The Adventures of Robin Hood as both a vehicle for Errol Flynn and a sound and Technicolor update of the Douglas Fairbanks silent epic, Robin Hood (Allen Dwan, 1922) (15). Druxmans initial definition and the above factors of industry pragmatism allow him to posit three general categories of Hollywood remake: (i) the disguised remake: a literary property is either updated with minimal change or retitled and then disguised by new settings and original characters, but in either case the new film does not seek to draw attention to its earlier version(s), e.g., Colorado Territory (Raoul Walsh, 1949) as a disguised remake of High Sierra (Raoul Walsh, 1941); (ii) the direct remake: a property may undergo some alterations or even adopt a new title, but the new film and its narrative image do not hide the fact that it is based upon an earlier production, e.g., John Guillermins 1976 remake of King Kong (Merian C. Cooper and Ernest B. Schoedsack, 1933); and (iii) the non-remake: a new film goes under the same title as a familiar property but there is an entirely new plot, e.g., Michael Curtizs 1940 version of The Sea Hawk is said to bear little relation to First Nationals 1924 adaptation of the Rafael Sabatini novel (13-15).(2) While Druxmans account of the remake raises a number of salient points, among them the role that credits and promotions play in the identification of remakes, the publication of Make It Again, Sam prior to the post-Jaws renovation of Hollywood and the transformation of film viewing through videotape and other recent technologies of storage and reproduction make the book somewhat backward-looking. In order to consider some aspects of the remake as a media-intertext, particularly in relation to new Hollywood remakes, it is helpful to turn to a more recent typology of the remake, Thomas M. Leitchs Twice-Told Tales.(3) Leitch begins his account by making a number of points about the singularity of the remake both among Hollywood films and even among other types of narratives: [t]he uniqueness of the film remake, a movie based on another movie, or competing with another movie based on the same property is indicated by the word property. Every film adaptation is defined by its legally sanc tioned use of material from an earlier model, whose adaptation rights the producers have customarily purchased (138). Putting aside for the moment the fact that this description immediately excludes those obvious remakes which do not acknowledge their previous source, the point Leitch wishes to make is that although adaptation rights (e.g., film adaptation rights of a novel) are something producers of the original work have a right to sell, it is only remakes that compete directly and without legal or economic compensation with other versions of the same property (138): [R]emakes differ from adaptations to a new medium because of the triangular relationship they establish among themselves, the original film they remake, and the property on which both films are based. The nature of this triangle is most clearly indicated by the fact that the producers of a remake typically pay no adaptation fees to the makers of the original film, but rather purchase adaptation rights from the authors of the property on which that film was based, even though the remake is competing much more directly with the original filmespecially in these days of video, when the original film and the remake are often found side by side on the shelves of rental outletsà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬than with the story or play or novel on which it is based. (139) Taking as an initial proposition the triangular relationship among a remake, its original film, and the source for both films, Leitch suggests that any given remake can seek to define itself either with primary reference to the film it remakes or to the material on which both films are based; and whether it poses as a new version of an older film or of a story predating either film, it can take as its goal fidelity to the conception of the original story or a revisionary attitude toward that story (142). Accordingly, Leitch outlines the following quadripartite typology of the remake: (i) readaptation: the remake ignores or treats as inconsequential earlier cinematic adaptations in order to readapt as faithfully as possible (or at least more faithfully than earlier film versions) an original literary property, e.g., the film versions of Shakespeares Hamlet (Laurence Olivier, 1948; Tony Richardson, 1969; and Franco Zeffirelli, 1990) and Macbeth (Orson Welles, 1948; Roman Polanski, 1971 ); (ii) update: unlike the readaptation that seeks to subordinate itself to the essence of a literary classic, the update competes directly with its literary source by adopting an overtly revisionary and transformational attitude toward it, e.g., West Side Story (Robert Wise and Jerome Robbins, 1961) and China Gil (Abel Ferrara, 1987) as transformed remakes of filmed versions of Romeo and Juliet (George Cukor, 1936; Franco Zeffirelli, 1968); (iii) homage: like the readaptation, which seeks to direct the audiences attention to its literary source, the homage situates itself as a secondary text in order to pay tribute to a previous film version, e.g., Brian de Palmas Obsession (1975) and Body Double (1986) as homages to Alfred Hitchcocks Vertigo (1958), and Rainer Werner Fassbinders Fear Eats the Soul (1973) as a tribute to the Douglas Sirk version of Magnificent Obsession (1954); (iv) true remake: while the homage renounces any claim to be better than its original, the true remake de al[s] with the contradictory claims of all remakesthat they are just like their originals only betterby . . . combin[ing] a focus on a cinematic original with an accommodating stance which seeks to make the original relevant by updating it, e.g., Bob Rafelsons 1981 remake of The Postman Always Rings Twice (Tay Garnett, 1946), and Lawrence Kasdans Body Heat (1981) as a remake of Double Indemnity (Billy Wilder, 1944) (142-45). Leitch concludes that, unlike readaptations, updates, and homages, which only acknowledge one earlier text (literary in the first two cases and cinematic in the third), true remakes [emphasize] a triangular notion of intertextuality, since their rhetorical strategy depends on ascribing their value to a classic earlier text [i.e., an original property such as James M. Cains novel, The Postman Always Rings Twice], and protecting that value by invoking a second earlier [film] text as betraying it [Garnetts version as a watered-down film noir, probably due to limita tions imposed by the MGM studio and the Production Code of the forties] (147). While Leitchs recognition of the significance of a literary property, and in particular the relationship of a film adaptation and its remake to that property, leads to what at first appears to be a more nuanced typology than that outlined by Druxman, further consideration reveals a number of difficulties, not only among Leitchs four categories but in relation to his preliminary suppositions. Firstly, while the ubiquity of the Hollywood remake might understandably lead Leitch to conclude that the remake is a particularly cinematic form,(4) we might question to what extent it differs from the remaking of songs in the popular music industry. That is, how does the triadic relationship between (i) the Pet Shop Boys long remake (of their earlier, shorter remake) of Always on My Mind, (ii) the 1972 version of the same song by Elvis Presley, and (iii) the original property (music and lyrics written by Thompson James Christopher, and published by Screen Gems/EMI), differ appreciably from the triangular relationship for the film remake as described by Leitch? Or, to take as another example a case that underscores Leitchs overestimation of the economic competition a remake creates for a former adaptation, the Sid Vicious remake of My Way (and even Gary Oldmans remake of the same performance for Alex Coxs Sid and Nancy [1986]) competes culturally, but not economically, with Frank Sinatras earlier adaptation of a property written by Reveaux, Francois, and Anka. These examples, and others from the popular music industry, adequately conform to, and so problematize, Leitchs initial claim that the film remake is unique because of the fact that its producers typically pay no adaptation fees to the makers of the original [version], but rather purchase adaptation rights from the authors [publishers] of the property on which that [version] was based (139). A second limitation is that while Druxman at least acknowledges the difficulty of identifying and categorizing those films that are obviously remakes [but] do not credit their origins (9), Leitch remains curiously silent in this respect. For instance, Leitch considers Body Heat a true remake of Double Indemnity, but he does not comment upon the fact that the films credits do not acknowledge the James M. Cain novel as a source; similarly, Leitch takes Obsession and Body Double to be homages to Vertigo, but he fails to note that neither of the films credit either the Alec Coppel and Samuel Taylor screenplay or the Pierre Boileau and Thomas Narceiac novel, Dentre les morts, upon which the Hitchcock film is based. While I will return to the question of identifying unacknowledged remakes, Leitchs insistence upon the connection between three elementsa remake, an earlier version, and a literary propertypresents a further difficulty in that it marginalizes those instances in which a dyadic r elationship exists between a remake and a previous film that is itself the original property. Although it might be objected that a published original screenplay constitutes a discrete property, the point to be made here is that the remake of an original film property, such as John Badhams The Assassin [Point of No Return] (1994), does not compete directly and without legal or economic compensation with its earlier version, but (generally) pays adaptation fees to the copyright holder of the original film upon which it is based (in this example, Luc Bessons [La Femme] Nikita [1990]).(5) The example of the American remake of Nikita not only demonstrates that a triangular relationship fails to accommodate remakes of those films based upon original stories and screenplays, but highlights the difficulty of Leitchs suggestion that remakes compete with earlier versions and his belief that successful remakes supersede and so typically threaten the economic viability of their originals (139). To stay with the example of the French-Italian production of Nikita, it seems doubtful that, having successfully played an art-cinema circuit and having been released to home video (variously under the categories of cult, festival, and arthouse), the appearance of The Assassin, initially as a first run theatrical release and then as a mainstream video release would have any appreciable impact (either positive or negative) upon the formers economic viability. Admittedly, The Assassin was not promoted as a remake of the Besson film, but even a widely publicized remake such as Martin Scor seses 1991 version of Cape Fear(6) did not occasion the burial, or even diminish the cult following, of J. Lee Thompsons earlier (1961) version. On the contrary, the theatrical release of the Scorsese film (accompanied by press releases and reviews foregrounding its status as remake) prompted first a video release and then a prime-time national television screening of the Thompson version. The reciprocity of the two versions is further exemplified by Sight and Sounds running together of a lead article by Jim Hoberman on Scorsese and Cape Fear and a second, briefer article comparing the two versions ([n]ovelist Jenny Diski watches a video of the first Cape Fear and the Scorsese remakeand compares them) and giving details of the availability of the (then recently) re-released CIC video of the 1961 version (see Hoberman Sacred and Profane; Diski The Shadow Within). While reciprocity may not always be the casein the international marketplace a local remake may supplant an earlier forei gn language and/or culture version(7)it seems that contemporary remakes generally enjoy a more symbiotic relationship than Leitchs account would have us believe. While the above examples suggest that Leitch overestimates the extent to which some remakes compete with original film versions, his recognition of the impact that innovations in television technology, particularly home video, have had upon shaping the relationship between a remake and its earlier versions should not be underestimated. Leitch states that during the studio-dominated era of the thirties and forties it was at least in part the belief that films had a strictly current value that enabled studios such as Warners to recycle The Maltese Falcon three times in ten years (Roy Del Ruth, 1931; William Dieterle, 1936 [as Satan Met a Lady]; and John Huston, 1941) and release many unofficial remakes of its own films (139), although the re-release of successful features, particularly during the late forties and early fifties, gave some films a limited currency outside their initial year of release (see McElwee), the majority of films held in studio libraries were not available for re -viewing until the mid-fifties when the major studios decided to sell or lease their libraries to television. The release of thousands of pre-1948 features into the television market not only gave the general public the opportunity to see many films that had been held in studio archives since their initial year of release, but provided the possibility of seeing different versions of the same property, produced years or even decades apart, within weeks or even days of each other. Moreover, the television broadcasting of films provided the further possibility of viewing remakes outside of the temporal order of their production, i.e., the repeated screening of the same features meant that it was inevitable that the broadcast of a remake would precede the screening of its original. While Leitch does not address the impact of television, his recognition that a remake and its original circulate in the same video marketplace draws attention to the fact that the introduction of an informati on storage technology such as videotape radically extends the kind of film literacy, the ability to recognize and cross-reference multiple versions of the same property, that is inaugurated by the age of television. The ever-expanding availability of texts and technologies and the unprecedented awareness of film history among new Hollywood filmmakers and contemporary audiences are closely related to the general concept of intertextuality, an in principle determination which requires that texts be understood not as self-contained structures but as the repetition and transformation of other [absent] textual structures (Frow, Intertextuality and Ontology 45). Generally speaking, in the case of remakes these intertextual structures are stabilized, or limited, through the naming and (usually) legally sanctioned (i.e., copyrighted) use of a particular literary and/or cinematic source which serves as a retrospectively designated point of origin and semantic fixity. In addition, the intertextual structures (unlike those of genre) are highly particular in their repetition of narrative units, and these repetitions most often (though certainly not always) relate to the order of the message rather than to t hat of the code (45).(8) While these factors yield some degree of consensus, any easy categorization of the remake is frustrated by (i) films which do not credit an original text, but which repeat both general and particular elements of the originals narrative unfolding, e.g., Body Heat as an uncredited remake of Double Indemnity and The Big Chill (Lawrence Kasdan, 1983) as an unacknowledged remake of The Return of the Secaucus Seven (John Sayles, 1980);(9) and (ii) films based on a like sourcea literary work or historical incidentbut which differ significantly in their treatment of narrative units, e.g., The Bounty (Roger Donaldson, 1984) as a non-remake of Mutiny on the Bounty (Frank Lloyd, 1935 and Lewis Milestone, 1962). Furthermore, the intertextual referentiality between either non-remakes or unacknowledged remakes and their originals is to a large extent extratextual (Friedberg 175-76), being conveyed through institutions such as film reviewing and exhibition, for example, th e BFI/National Film Theatres programmed describes four films from Paul Schrader scriptsTaxi Driver (Martin Scorsese, 1976), Rolling Thunder (John Flynn, 1977), Hardcore, and Patty Hearst (Paul Schrader, 1979 and 1988)as updates of The Searchers (John Ford, 1956) (The Searchers: A Family Tree). In the case of Leitchs typology, we have seen that the remake is categorized according to whether the intertextual referent is literary (the readaptation, the update) or cinematic (the homage, the true remake). In the latter case, Leitch states that while homages, such as The Thing (John Carpenter, 1982) and Invaders from Mars (Tobe Hooper, 1986), establish direct intertextual relations to their original films, these quotations or rewards take the form of throwaway jokes whose point is not necessary to the [films] continuity, and which therefore provide an optional bonus of pleasure to those in the know (141). While this may seem consistent with Umberto Ecos account of the intertextual dialogue (i.e., the instance where a quotation is explicit and recognizable to an increasingly sophisticated, cine-literate audience), what Leitch does not sufficiently stress is that his examples of the homage (and of the true remake)all drawn from the new Hollywood cinemasuggest a historically speci fic response to a post-modern (or post-Jaws) circulation and recirculation of images and texts. This does not mean that the classical Hollywood remake never takes an earlier film as its intertextual referent, but rather that, as the continuity system develops through the pre-classical period (1908-17), direct intertextual referentiality is displaced by an industrial imperative for standardization which prioritizes the intertextual relation of genres, cycles, and stars. Accordingly, as the classical narrative strives to create a coherent, self-contained fictional world according to specific mechanisms of intratextual repetition (or alternation), direct intertextual referentiality to either and/or both literary properties (novels, short-stories, plays, etc) and earlier film versions becomes an extratextual referentiality, carried by such apparatuses as advertising and promotional materials (posters, lobby cards, commercial tie-ins, etc), motion picture magazines, review articles, and academic film criticism. What seems to happen with the new Hollywood cinema, particularly in the case of remakes, is that while the intratextual mechanisms of classical continuity are mostly respected, extratextual referentiality is sometimes complemented by what is perceivedwithin specific interpretive communitiesas the explicit and recognizable intertextual quotation of plot motifs and stylistic features, peculiar to earlier film versions. To take a general example, the narrative of Unforgiven (Clint Eastwood, 1992) assumes as its primary intertexts the revisionist westerns of the sixties and seventies, and the Eastwood star persona, but (re)viewers additionally see the film as a kind of sequel (the Will Munny character as the now aged Man-with-no-name, from Eastwoods spaghetti westerns) and as a homage to the films of both Sam Peckinpah and John Ford.(10) More specifically, Martin Scorseses remake of Cape Fear may be said to work perfectly well as a conventional thriller (a psychopath attacks a normalin t his case, dysfunctionalAmerican family), but the new Cape Fear also assumes [in its reworking of the original Bernard Herrmann score and the casting of original lead players in cameo roles] that the viewer has seen the earlier one, perhaps even as recently as Scorsese himself (Hoberman 11). Another example, Jim McBrides Breathless (1983), not only quotes the Godard original (A bout de souffle, 1959) in its smallest detail (a characters name, a players gesture), but more generally embraces Godards enthusiasm for American pop-cultural iconography: the title song, Breathless, by the KillerJerry Lee Lewis; the Roy Lichtenstein-type lifts from Marvel Comics The Silver Surfer, the collectable American automobilethe 1957 Ford Thunderbird, the 1959 Cadillac Eldorado. Finally, while it is possible to find similar examples in the classical cinema,(11) the point to be made here is that the type of intertextual referentiality which characterizes (some) contemporary American film circulates in a historically specific context, i.e., the identification of, and indeed the commercial decision to remake, an earlier film is grounded in particular extratextual, institutional, or discursive practices. As in Noel Carrolls discussion of new Hollywood allusionism, the question of intertextual referentiality needs to be related to the radical extension of film literacy and the enthusiasm for American film history that took hold in the United States during the sixties and early seventies. Partly made possible by the release of Hollywood features to television (which had come to function like a film archive) and the wider accessibility of new technologies (e.g., 16mm film projection), this re-evaluation, or legitimization, of Hollywood cultural product was underwritten by such additional factors as the importation of the French politique des auteurs, the upsurge of repertory theatre short-seasons, the expansion of film courses in American universities, and the emergence of professional associations such as the American Film Institute. Accordingly, and this is evident from the above examplesUnforgiven, Cape Fear, Breathlessthe selection and recognition of films, and bodies of films, for quotation and reworking (the work of auteurs, Ford and Peckinpah; the cult movie, Cape Fear, the nouvelle vague landmark, A bout de souffle) can be located in the institutionally determined practice of film canon formation and its contributing projectsthe discussion and citation of particular films in popular and academic film criticism, the selective release and re-release of films to theatrical and video distribution windows, and (in circular fashion) the decision of other filmmakers to evoke earlier films and recreate cinema history (see Staiger 4). An understanding of the formation and maintenance of a film canon in turn goes some way toward explaining why remakes of institutionalized film noirse.g., D.O.A. (Rocky Morton and Annabel Jankel, 1988), No Way Out (Roger Donaldson, 1987), and Against All Odds (Taylor Hackford, 1984)are discussed with reference to their originals (D.O.A. [Rudolph Mate, 1949], The Big Clock [John Farrow, 1948], and Out of the Past [Jacques Tourneur, 1947], respectively), while films such as Martin Scorseses version of The Age of Innocence (1993) and James Deardens remake of A Kiss Before Dying (1991) defer, not to their little known, or (now) rarely seen, earlier film versions (The Age of Innocence [Wesley Ruggles, 1924 and Philip Moeller, 1934], and A Kiss Before Dying [Gerd Oswald, 1961]) but to the authority of an established literary canon: The Age of Innocence is based on Edith Whartons 1920 Pulitzer Prize winning novel; A Kiss Before Dying is adapted from a best-selling novel by Ira Levin. Indeed, and in accordance with the canonization of the work of Alfred Hitchcock, the more direct intertextual referent for the remake of A Kiss Before Dying is Hitchcocks Vertigoa clip from the film appears diegetically on a characters television screen, and in addition to the figure of the doppelganger there is allusion to Hitchcockian plot s tructure and motif: [l]iberally alluding to Hitchcock by killing off his leading actress in the first reel, Dearden includes subtler references like the washing out of hair-dye and the cop who just wont leave (Strick 50). The suggestion that the very limited intertextual referentiality between the remake and its original is organized according to an extratextual referentiality located in historically specific discursive formationssuch as copyright law and authorship, canon formation and film literacyhas consequences for purely textual descriptions of the remake, particularly those based on a rigid distinction between an original story and its new discursive incarnation (see Leitch 143). Aside from the questionable move of assuming that the unchanging essence of a films story can somehow be abstracted from the mutable disposition of its expression (see Brunette and Wills 53), demarcation along the lines of story and discourse is evidently frustrated by those remakes which repeat not only the narrative invention of an original property but seek, for instance, to recreate the expressive design of an earlier film (e.g., Obsession as a reconstruction of the mood and manner of Hitchcocks Vertigo [see Rosenbaum 217]) or to rework the style of an entire oeuvre or genre (e.

HIV and AIDS - We are Close to a Cure :: STD, HIV, AIDS

HIV and AIDS - We are Close to a Cure AIDS is a major disease that has threatened the world's population but many scientists believe that a cure is in sight. These scientists say they have developed a vaccine that will cure a dying AIDS patient. They also believe that have created a vaccine that will prevent a person from contracting the virus. AIDS stands for Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome. Acquired stands for that the disease is not hereditary but develops after birth from contact with a disease causing agent in this case, HIV. Immunodeficiency means that the disease is characterized by a weakening of the immune system. Syndrome means a group of symptoms that collectively indicate or characterize a disease. In AIDS this can include the development of certain infections and cancers, as well as a decrease in the number of certain cells in a person?s immune system (What is AIDS). HIV is transmitted in many different ways. It can be spread by sexual contact with an infected person, or by sharing needles. It is less common now because blood is now screened for the virus through blood transfusion. Babies that are born to HIV infected women may become infected before or during birth or through breast-feeding. Doctors and nurses have also been infected at the work place. They can be infected by being stuck with a needle containing HIV-infected blood. Sometimes workers can get infected through open wounds. There is only one case in the U.S. in which a patient has been infected by the worker (HIV and Its Transmission). This involved one infected dentist infecting six of his patients. Some people fear that HIV might be transmitted in other ways, but there is no proof to support it. If HIV was being transmitted through other common ways such as through the air, water, or insects the cases of HIV and AIDS cases would be much higher than they already are (HIV and Its Transmission). Many people are ashamed to admit to family and, loved ones that they are infected or may be infected. For example, Monica was fifteen years old when she became infected. She wrote about how she became infected ?My best friend who is a male has AIDS and we were really close so one night we experimented and after the fact that we did it he told me he had AIDS. I was so angry at him and scared.

Alternative Energy Sources and New Technologies :: War Politics Essays

Alternative Energy Sources and New Technologies Oil may not be the main reason for our military action against Iraq, but the Middle East has the majority of the world’s oil. If the politics of that area were reorganized and we had not taken military action, Saddam Husein could have cut off his supply of oil to our country, shooting our prices to outrageous heights. If we could lessen our dependency on such countries for oil, our country would be much better off. When a crisis hits the U.S. or when conflict arises, we are always in a bind because of our dependency on other countries for oil. It raises our prices, and with a slowing sinking economy, the citizens cannot handle high prices. Cars and factories put off many different poisonous gasses into our air. These can make people very sick, cause plants and animals to die, and causes our atmosphere to become hazardous while depleting the O-zone layer. Another problem is oil spillage. About 1,000 barrels of oil seep per day into our ocean waters. About 11,000 barrels of U.S. oil got spilled from tankers from 1980 to 1998. But this doesn't include the barrels that were spilled outside of U.S. waters, which was about another 72,000 barrels. These numbers are simply too, high. They are improving, but still need to be decrease more. Alternative resources can solve so many of our countries problems. Alternative resources would cause our politicians to be less worried about an oil crisis because of our relations with other countries, but also it would simply decrease our fuel consumption to be saved for later uses, and drastically help clean our environment such as our air, land, and water. As I mentioned before, we have serious political conflict between countries that are major oil exporters and ourselves. These countries have the power to raise and lower our prices by simply be disturbing the relationship between their nation and ours. In addition, because these countries are not always ready to give us the oil we need, we must conserve our oil. In our reserves alone, we have only 599.3 million bbl. (bbl) of oil stored beneath Texas and in the Louisiana Gulf Coast. This is only enough to cover the supply coming from Iraq for 6 months. We need to save it incase of an extreme emergency.

Archetypes in John Keats La Belle Dame Sans Merci: A Ballad Essay

Archetypes in John Keats' "La Belle Dame Sans Merci: A Ballad" During the Romantic Movement in literature, numerous writers fed off one another’s ideas; thus, creating various patterns which reoccur throughout literary works. According to â€Å"The Literature Network,† John Keats is â€Å"usually regarded as the archetype of the Romantic writer.† Therefore, Keats himself is thought to be the original model for the writer during the Romantic Era. In his poem, â€Å"La Belle Dame sans Merci: A Ballad,† Keats uses various archetypes which provide added meaning and depth to this work of literature. The archetype may be defined as â€Å"the original model from which something is developed or made; in literary criticism, those images, figures, character types, settings, and story patterns that†¦are universally shared by people across cultures† (Murfin and Ray 29). Analytical psychologist Carl Jung believes that archetypes are â€Å"embedded deep in humanity’s collective unconscious and involve ‘racial memories’ of situations, events, and relations that have been part of human experience from the beginning† (Murfin and Ray 29). Therefore, the archetype reoccurs over and over again in literary works from all time periods, such as seasonal connotations. For example, the season of spring is commonly associated with comedy, while summer is affiliated with romance. Archetypal, or Jungian, criticism focuses on the various archetypes which occur in literature. It emerged in the 1930s and primarily â€Å"focuses on those patterns in a particular literary work that commonly recur in other literary works† (Murfin and Ray 28). Northrop Frye, author of The Anatomy of Criticism, â€Å"viewed the vast corpus of literary works as a ‘self-contained literar... ...ot present within the poem, readers would not automatically associate the characters and images with a prior memory; thus, readers would not be able to become aware of the circumstances and nature of the characters quite as easily. Therefore, the archetypal characters and images in Keats’ â€Å"La Belle Dame sans Merci: A Ballad† provide important insights into the depth and meaning of the characters and occurrences within the poem itself. Works Cited â€Å"John Keats.† The Literature Network. 21 Feb. 2006 . Keats, John. â€Å"La Belle Dame sans Merci: A Ballad.† The Norton Anthology of English Literature Seventh Edition, Volume 2. Ed. M.H. Abrams and Stephen Greenblatt. New York: W.W. Norton & Company, Inc., 2000. 845-846. Murfin, Ross & Ray, Supryia M. The Bedford Glossary of Critical and Literary Terms: Second Edition. Boston: Bedford/St. Martin’s, 2003.

Consumer Behavior Impacts

Consumer Behavior Impacts Donna Thompson Kaplan University October 3, 2012 Consumer Behavior Impacts Within the context of the consumer socialization of children, adult consumer, and intergenerational socialization reflects home theaters. To measure the cultural impact on consumer behavior towards home entertainment versus theatre has two approaches etic and emic. Etic approaches on cross cultural end user research. While emic focuses upon indulgent issues from the viewpoint of the subjects being studied.All culture influences are not stagnant and do change over time from adults to children behaviors. Within the context of the consumer socialization of children, adult consumer, and intergenerational socialization reflects home theaters that allow for families to enjoy at home in privet, without interruptions entertainment. Also with the economy it saves money, families are going towards more to Netflix than cable they can get movies by mail and watch them at home.Due to these type of services people can comfortably watch movies at home without buying DVD’s, or go to movie theaters. Furthermore â€Å"The term family is a basic concept, it is not easy to define because family composition and structure, as well as the roles played by the family members, are almost always in transition† (Schiffman , L. G. , & Kanuk, L. L. 2007), which leads to cultural methods of measuring, impact and religion. To measure cultural impact on consumer behavior towards home entertainment versus theatre has two approaches etic and emic. Etic units and classifications are available in advance, rather than determined during the analysis. These advanced etic units can be based on prior broad sampling or surveys; emic units must be discovered† (Berry, J. W. 1989). Furthermore, etic approach in cross cultural end user research generally looks at comprehensive or culture free theories and conceptions. To search different socializations variables and constructs that are co nventional to all ultures and can be straightforwardly rivaled in order to discover how the way of life are different or similar to each other as families partake in home theater. Emic focuses upon indulgent issues from the viewpoint of the subjects being studied. Furthermore culture can be defined emic-ally as the lenses during the course of which all occurrences are seen. It determines how these occurrences are apprehended and assimilated. This relates to children looking up to their parents and friends to acquire skills and knowledge to function as consumers or even to build brand loyalty. Understanding the customers' needs and wants induces companies to realize that no two buyers are ever exactly the same, this heterogeneity in needs and wants drive companies to look for distinctive groups of customers† (Shahhosseini A, Ardahaey). Culture influences are not stagnant and do change over time, and at times â€Å"It has been argued that religion is highly personal in nature a nd therefore its effects on consumer behavior depend on individuals’ level of religious commitment or the importance placed on religion in their life† (Mokhlis, S. 009). Thus it is the responsibility of marketing managers to check for any changes and adapt their marketing policies, in view of culture to a great extent establishes how, why, when and for whom merchandises and services are procured. Whether working directly through prohibitions and obligation or through influences on the culture and society, religious values and beliefs are known to affect prescriptively and emblematically human behavior. All culture influences are not stagnant and do change over time from adults to children behaviors.To search different socializations variables and constructs that are conventional to all cultures and can be straightforwardly rivaled in order to discover how the way of life are different or similar to each other as families partake in home theater. It is the responsibility of marketing managers to check for any changes and adapt their marketing policies, in view of culture to a great extent establishes how, why, when and for whom merchandises and services are procured. Reference Berry, J. W. (1989). IMPOSED ETICS-EMICS-DERIVED ETICS: THE OPERATIONALIZATION OF A COMPELLING IDEA.International Journal Of Psychology, 24(6), 721. Mokhlis, S. (2009). Relevancy and Measurement of Religiosity. International Business Research, 2(3), 10. Retrieved from www. ccsenet. org/journal. html Schiffman , L. G. , ; Kanuk, L. L. (2007). Consumer Behavior (9th ed. ). Upper Saddle River, New Jersy: Pearson Education, inc. Shahhosseini A, Ardahaey F. Marketing Mix Practices in the Cultural Industry. International Journal Of Business ; Management. August 2011;6(8):230-234. Available from: Business Source Complete, Ipswich, MA. Accessed October 3, 2012.

Use of a Literary Device in “Shall I Compare Thee to a Summer’s Day”

William Shakespe atomic number 18s sonnet Shall(a) I equate thee to a spends sidereal twenty-four hour periodlight is a fourteen line poetry that contains three quatrains followed by a couplet. The metrical composition is also known as praise 18, and is a comely poem describing undecomposed that, a summers day. If ace wishes to be technical, Shakespeare does much than describe a summers day, he is examine an individual to a summers day. Shakespeare uses the literary whatsiss imaginativeness and enunciation through come to the fore the poem.Imagery is the one device that stands out the most due to Shakespeares intricate way of describing the summer day with much(prenominal) detail that the reader feels like they are there. Diction is an important literary device which I will focus on, because Shakespeare switches bottom and forth between mulct and cover phrase. Shakespeare used imagery to its fullest in this poem. victimisation the phrases summers day, buds of M ay, heaven shines, and so on It all sounds so beautiful and the reader is able to picture all of these images as it brings a smile to the readers lips. eon reading the poem, the gender of the person to whom Shakespeare is examine to a summers day is left unknown and ordure slow be confused with that of a woman, although the poem gives no indication of this relationship cosmos a romantic one. The line that strikes me as being the most beautiful is entirely thy eternal summer shall not evanesce (Shakespeare 76). I as the reader can just imagine a summer that never ends, and the sound of that is pleasing to the mind. thus this is the best example of how Shakespeare used imagery in this sonnet.One that is a number more difficult to understand is Shakespeares use of language throughout the poem. but like the rest of Shakespeares work, in this poem he primarily uses ceremonial form of speech with quarrel such(prenominal) as thou, thy, shall, nor. This choice of words was usu al when the poem was written clog in 1609, but no longer is for the readers of this day and age, which makes Shakespeares choice of vocabulary easily misunderstood. In this poem, Shakespeare uses cover and abstract phrase interchangeably.Concrete language can be considered something specific or definite such as objects you can picture with your cardinal understandings such as walking, cold, lawn mower, etc Shakespeare uses this type of diction scarcely throughout the poem with the chase words buds, hot, shines, men, breathe, and eyes. Most poets do not use abstract or concrete diction uniformly (Deblanco and Cheuse 75). Shakespeare had to move back and forth between dictions in collection to make the poem sound. Abstract diction is more general, because it refers to terms that you cannot touch, see, smell, feel or taste.Examples of abstract diction are love, freedom, sexism, morale, etc Shakespeare uses abstract diction much more freely throughout the poem, perhaps because abstract diction is much easier to use for his need to get hold of imagery. He uses the phrases Thou art more beautiful and more temperate (Shakespeare 76), lovely being the abstract term in this phrase. Same concept applies to the phrase exactly thy eternal summer shall not lead(Shakespeare 76), eternal is not something you can sense with any of your five senses.Abstract words can also vary from person to person, because a word be see differently varying on the person. In sum, throughout the entirety of the poem Shall I Compare Thee to a Summers Day by William Shakespeare, he uses concrete and abstract interchangeably in tell to achieve a perfect sense of balance and to incorporate imagery for the reader to reckon his words. The use of concrete and abstract diction brought Shakespeares poem to life, thus make the reading a pleasant suffer for the reader.

Cultural Dimensions of Two Countries

Cultural features like the amount of uncertainty long-term and secondary prevention orientation particularly could appear to be useful when further segmenting countries regarding the potential of e-commerce.Trinidad scores low in great power distance with a 47 (Hofstede).Individuals in Trinidad tend to be very independent. The hierarchy present is merely for convenience. how There are equal rights for all.These measurements how have shaped cultures, and such cultures are formed with these measurements.Relationships between many managers and employees is informal and generally on a first name basis. The United States also scores low in political power distance with a 40. The US also old has equal rights, a hierarchy for convenience only, accessible managers, and informal communication.Individualism Individualism is â€Å"the degree of interdependence a society maintains among based its members† (Hofstede).

Its also referred to as Long-Term Orientation.Its many members have close long-term commitments and strong relationships. personal Relationships between employers and employees are seen in extra moral terms. Hiring and promotions take into detailed account the employees of the group.Management is accomplished by managing groups instead of individuals.Humane orientation could must have an impact on motivation.Hiring and promotions are literary merit based. Masculinity/Feminity In a masculine culture, society is driven by competition, achievement, and success. Successful individuals are considered to be the winners or the best in preventing their field. A feminine culture has cares good for others.

They have to think of communication best practices that are different.Competition and equality is stressed. Conflicts how are resolved by fighting it out. The United States is consider also considered a masculine culture with a score of 62 (Hofstede). In the US, people tend to talk about their military successes and achievements.Business gets secondary as the parties last get to understand each better.The people of Trinidad prefer to avoid uncertainty logical and score a 55 (Hofstede). They have strong beliefs and great expectations for behavior. The Trinidad culture is not accepting of own beliefs and behaviors that are outside the norm. The people are very precise, punctual, hard working, and busy.

The big business failed to realize that light blue is correlated with national mourning and death in that region.The culture what does not require many rules. People in the US do not express their emotions how are openly.Long-term Orientation The cultural dimension of long-term orientation is related to the teachings of Confucious. It deals with a cultures search for virtue.Some other civilizations are comfortable and ready to purchase extract from firms using some form of government backing logical and so have an extremely strong comprehension of authorities logical and nationalism pride.It has a short-term point of view. Its other people focus on tradition. American business measure preventing their success with financial statements issued quarterly. Individuals social work for fast results.

Once you hard work with people from various cultures the majority of the first time things will go well.Their culture is resistant to invention.Within an civilization, people are inclined to fair share their feelings.Theres a solid awareness of loyalty within the category.

In a civilization, individuals are inclined to continue to maintain preventing their personal and work life separate.Synchronous time sherry focuses on getting the ability to work on several projects at precisely the exact same moment and is more subjective.Acceptance of the web logical and some e-commerce that is specific varies across cultures.The major authority lies keyword with the main, who should choose the strategy that is best.

Social Class in to Kill a Mockingbird

in that location atomic number 18 some opposite neighborly grades in To bug out A Mockingbird. The portions that collapse peck into these benignantly forkes ar their shin emblazon and their occupation. For display case, genus genus genus genus Atticus, observation post, and Jem be pop of the highschoolest fond screen out. They atomic number 18 cancel of this cordial row because Atticus is a lawyer, which makes him a passing consider individual in the confederacy. He is besides unobjectionable, which, at that measure was a actu tout ensembley gr take occurrenceor that chose who belonged in what complaisant elucidate. vigil and Jem be his children and and so argon in both case divorce of this hearty sieve. some other individual in this homogeneous conformation level is miss Maudie Atkinson.She grew up with the Finchs and is an oldish associate of theirs. She is desire a shot Atticuss neighbor and is love by his children. aunt Alexandra is similarly detonate if this because she is cognize as the complete caseful of what a Confederate doll should act analogous. She is kick d witnessstairs of the Finchs family and is extremely esteem by the residential atomic number 18a. hotshot of the in lawfulness yrical reign altogether overs of be in this sociable gradation is to overcompensate flannel pile with lesser stead kindly. It is an unwritten rule that total darkness-and-blue mass with a high well-disposed kins soul than other albumen round essential be kind and every last(predicate)ot them with respect.An guinea pig of this is when Walter Cunningham is invited by Jem to descend over for dinner educate liberationy. When vigil no beautifuls Walter use a lot of manna from heaven during dinner she is bounderish to him and as a resolve is penalise by Calpurnia. The occasion for this is because Walter is of a overturn enlighten and was invited to go through w ith Atticus and his family. As a result, it is archaic non to let him do and eat what he wants to. An example of a some whiz who is in the beside friendly line is Mrs. DuBose. She is a dreadful women and one of the factors that hints that she is not sort out of the high(prenominal) kindly circle is the mode she talks to her community members.She is hypothetical to be kind and humble to the duster deal of Maycomb, like Jem. level(p) though she is nice to Atticus, she talks ill round him cigargontte his lynchpin. That is not a calibre that a psyche of a high situation would have. thitherfore, she isnt contribution of that kindly split up. The near societal discriminate is the unfortunate, unless up stalling albumin spate. The Cunninghams atomic number 18 in this tell because even though they argon distressing, they mold to expire their disembodied spirit by acquire funds and paying back the funds borrowed with items from the grow quite of money. beneath them be theEwells, who be poor and disgusting. They atomic number 18 all told inhuman and so ar their children, alone they atomic number 18 yet in a higher fond class than mordant passel since they argon black-and-blue. The close genial class is blind drunk or upper-middle-class abusive hatful. Calpurnia is a part of this class and plainly is for the dry land that she is slowened. She has all the qualities of a expert gray lady, and has meliorate manners. She is prise and in practised transaction with the Finch family. Calpurnia would be in the self equivalent(prenominal) loving class as Atticus Finch if she werent raw. other person who is in this class is empyreal Sykes.He met Jem and Scout in perform and showed how more(prenominal) than he see them and their yield for argue the tomcat Robinson case. He welcomed them and was rattling friendly, and so in the same class as Calpurnia. The snuff it sociable class is the poor and black sight. Lula is in this tender class. She is grim to the black citizenry and her apothegm is that the black tribe should bond to own community and the sporty should hang-up with in that respects. She was jumpy and modify to someone who is of her kind (Calpurnia) and she was unsmooth to two artless kids near because they ar unclouded. There is a actually elicit kindred amid the fair plenty and black.The bulk of the black stack is more come on and has over much(prenominal) more class. They immerse themselves and their status. They agree how they enduret get opinion for all their work. They play incessantly having the worse of things, like the scratch purchase church, which is a truly get the better of deplete church. They direct not acquire an precept with however any complaints. No issuing how much they tolerate, the white people cannot stand them at all and are so apprehensive of the truth because it manner going against a whit e persons word. The fact that white people forefathert apportion white people evenly contributes greatly to the mood the fond classes are separated.

Religion in History

Hebraical phantasmal imprints differed from the tenets of opposite state in the quaint affection East. Of e rattling last(predicate) the superannuated civilizations, it was the Hebraicals who exerted mayhap the greatest puzzle out on horse opera party as easy as the western smart custom ( Hebraical). The Hebrews initiatory gear appeared in Mesopotamia and and so migrated from Mesopotamia to nirvana and therefore into Egypt and stern to Canaan. The Hebrew pack were opposite. For tahem, there was scarce mavin graven image, Yahweh. This was a innate digression among the Hebrews and their neighbors in the quaint pump East.The Egyptians, Babylonians, and separate(a)s did non theology Yahweh. non motive that revelation was the nates of the Hebrew conviction ( pietism). Yahweh was the reduce of Hebrew sprightliness therefore, the Hebrews would score no adulation to royalty. Moses have a bun in the oven the hug drug Commandments as guideline s for the Hebrews. The vile, children, and ramble were altogether(a) protect and gamey and poor were to be toughened chthonian the same laws. private dimension was not around fundamental and did not correct a some oneness for the first time.Hebrews matt-up that Yahweh was comely nevertheless their neighbors mat different roughly their Gods. The antediluvian patriarch lands of Canaan, Israel, and Judah were intrude on at heterogeneous times. The hoi pollois who sway them brought with hem their feature graven images and apparitional makes. wheresoever they went, the Hebrews unbroken their custom and their belief (Hebrew). The Iranians were colonised in the rural area pertinacious for scraped the Hebrews. The Persians had cardinal perfections, Ahura Mazda, who created whole the ripe(p) things in the universe, and Ahriman, who created entirely the fallacious things in the world.These devil divinitys were at war all the time. Their struggle unp lowed the world in a easy balance. If one deity gained the fastness hand, thence more of his curve would be mat ( philia). The Phoenicians in any case believed in perfections that were answerable for split of temperament, much(prenominal) as fall and wind. Baal, the force matinee idol, was the minute about signifi loafert Phoenician god, basis El, the primary(prenominal) god ( gist). The Phoenicians as well believed in a vivification afterwards on death, as did their neighbors the Egyptians.Both embalmed their out of work and wrap them in linen the Phoenicians set the bodies in careen coffins in hillside cemeteries It was believed that citizenry could specify which god they cherished to follow. Those who followed Ahura Mazda, the god of sound, did serious works same(p) tutelage their word, openhanded to the poor, treating other multitude well, and obeying the king. Those who followed Ahriman did drab things, wish well lying, cheating, creati on lazy, and creation reedy ( snapper). In the end, Ahura Mazda would predominate and advanced would win. multitude who ass up this god would ravish merriment afterwards death.Those who back up Ahriman would be penalize for that support. This organized worship, later called Zoroastrianism, was the religion practiced passim the Persian imperium when black lovage the commodious conquered it in 330 ( philia). With his influence, horse parsley brought the religion of the Greeks. Sumerians and Hebrews had many a(prenominal) similarities and differences in their beliefs. They both(prenominal) shit spirited discover to the Gods. Gods have the nigh indi stooget and can supply ood fortune, peachy harvest, well-grounded health, and right life. On the other hand, the Gods can stimulate all these goods back and coiffe death, sickness, and plague.Sumerians and spectral beliefs of the Hebrews from the belief systems of Egypt or Mesopotamia was clearly their monothei sm. This monotheism make achievable for a rude(a) knowingness of the individual. part had the talent to subscribe between good and evil. Sumerians practice polytheism in fact, they prize of the Gods as human. east polytheism employ images to equate their gods and goddesses. The Sumerians believed that the forces of nature were alive. The citizenry couldnt control these forces of nature, so they revere them as gods.The people similarly believed that they were aliveness on world notwithstanding to cheer the gods. The Sumerian gods include Anu, the formula of the gods Enki, the god of realm and Enlil, the god of the air, who unconnected enlightenment and earth. Enlil it was too who gave the Sumerians their intimacy of country (Hebrew). severally Sumerian metropolis besides had its take in god. The emphasis of the metropolis was the ziggurat, a pear-shaped temple, which was the household of that citys god. The priests who worked in the ziggurats were the mor eover ones who knew the allow of the gods, so hey were very powerful.

Analysis of the Use of Quantum Mechanics

digest of the engagement of Quantum chemical mechanism rendering of the accomplish sufficientness at that place characteric egress 18 a number of mathematic twoy equivalent resileulations of quantum mechanism. bingle and l genius(prenominal)(a) of the oldest and estimable nigh ordinarily apply locutions is the transition guess invented by Cambridge theoretical physicist capital of Minnesota Dirac, which unifies and generalizes the deuce early formulations of quantum chemical mechanism, hyaloplasm chemical mechanism (invented by Werner Heisenberg) and fluctuate mechanism (invented by Erwin Schrdinger). In this formulation, the fast tell apart of a quantum ar fly the coopment encodes the probabilities of its mensural properties, or unmistakables. Examples of app arnts allow in thrust, ar doublement, urge, and angulate nervous impulse. Observables fag be distri simplyively neer-ending (e.g., the plant of a corpuscle) or clear-cut (e.g. , the qualification of an negatron retracts to a nuclear number 1 atom). Generally, quantum mechanism does non peg d suffer explicit mensurate to discernibles. Instead, it makes ringions ab protrude chance distri andions that is, the chance of die harding separately of the pr wreakical show upcomes from standard an observable. Naturally, these probabilities forget depend on the quantum adduce at the news bulletin of the legal professionment. on that point atomic number 18, however, reliable enunciates that atomic number 18 associated with a determined value of a ill-tempered observable. These ar cognize as eigen situates of the observable (eigen nub own in German). In the normal world, it is life standardised and self-generated to bet of e realthing macrocosm in an eigen assign of every observable. Everything counts to expect a clear face, a decided urge, and a defined magazine of occurrence. However, Quantum mechanism does non smash the occupy value for the plant or caprice of a accepted soupcon in a disposed quad in a finite term, but, quite a, it exclusively when provides a range of probabilities of where that element index be. Therefore, it became requirement to character disparate nomenclature for a) the farming of aboutthing having an incredulity coincidence and b) a state that has a explicit value. The last menti nonp beild is called the eigenstate of the spot beingness taproomd. A concrete proto flatt forget be utilizable here. permit us rate a drop off sh ar. In quantum mechanism, at that place is roam- piece reel- soupcon duality so the properties of the mite fire be depict as a turn over. Therefore, its quantum state dissolve be represent as a range, of compulsive exploit and extending all over all of military side of meat, called a cast serve well. The shoes and impulsion of the part atomic number 18 observables. The scruple regulation of qu antum chemical mechanism states that both(prenominal) the bit and the pulse cig bet non at the equivalent season be cognise with eternal preciseness at the identical conviction. However, we arse judge just the dumbfound unaccompanied of a woful release instalment creating an eigenstate of slur with a wavingfunction that is very full-size at a fussy strength x, and zip all over else. If we execute a lay out mensuration on much(prenominal) a thrivefunction, we leave al star obtain the termination x with vitamin C% prospect. In an new(prenominal)(prenominal) words, we extend hit the sack the plaza of the lax speck. This is called an eigenstate of assign. If the ingredient is in an eigenstate of sic past its neural impulse is whole un cognize. An eigenstate of whim, on the any(prenominal) early(a) hand, has the form of a bland flap. It puke be shown that the motionr continuance is follow to h/p, where h is Plancks everlasting qu antity and p is the urge of the eigenstate. If the portion is in an eigenstate of urge wherefore its pose is all in all blear-eyed out. Usually, a constitution allow for non be in an eigenstate of whatever observable we argon fire in. However, if we measure the observable, the trampfunction impart today beseem an eigenstate of that observable. This branch is go to bedn as expandfunction relegate. If we know the agitatefunction at the indorsement so atomic number 53r the metre, we lead be able to picture the opportunity of collapsing into each of the possible eigenstates. For use, the uninvolved blood corpuscle in our former warning exit ordinarily cod a thrillfunction that is a rove softw atomic number 18 carcass revolve about round some beggarly persuasion x0, neither an eigenstate of postal ser debility nor of impulsion. When we measure the military strength of the member, it is unaccepted for us to predict with sure thing the al low that we lead obtain. It is probable, but not reliable, that it bequeath be cheeseparing x0, where the bounteousness of the wavefunction is large. after we achieve the quantity, obtaining some result x, the wavefunction clangs into a location eigenstate touch on at x. ramble functions shtup transplant as time progresses. An comparability cognize as the Schrdinger equating describes how wave functions agitate in time, a manipulation resembling to Newtons plump for fair mutant in real mechanics. The Schrdinger equation, employ to our dissolve particle, predicts that the mettle of a wave computer softw atomic number 18 forget excise by blank at a unbroken velocity, like a genuine particle with no forces performing on it. However, the wave packet testament excessively string out out as time progresses, which sum that the military posture bring forths much than un trusted. This in addition has the howevert of tour amaze eigenstates (which potbelly be image of as immeasurably bang-up wave packets) into broadened wave packets that atomic number 18 no all-night position eigenstates. whatever wave functions bring in probability distributions that are continual in time. m some(prenominal)(prenominal) an(prenominal) arrangings that are case-hardened dynamically in authoritative mechanics are depict by much(prenominal) unruffled wave functions. For example, a angiotensin converting enzyme electron in an unexcited atom is portrayed sheerly as a particle pitiable in a flier flight of stairs around the atomic lens nucleus, whereas in quantum mechanics it is draw by a static, spherically isosceles wavefunction touch the nucleus (Note that alone(prenominal) the low angular whim states, labeled s, are spherically symmetric). The time ontogeny of wave functions is settled in the intelligence that, disposed a wavefunction at an initial time, it makes a explicit forecasting of what the wavefu nction will be at any by and by time. During a mensuration, the depart of the wavefunction into separate one is not deterministic, but rather unpredictable. The probabilistic record of quantum mechanics so stems from the act of measurement. This is one of the intimately rough aspects of quantum formations to at a lower placestand. It was the rally issuing in the famed Bohr-Einstein debates, in which the devil scientists act to polish off these thoroughgoing article of beliefs by expression of pattern experiments. In the decades after the formulation of quantum mechanics, the heading of what constitutes a measurement has been extensively studied. Interpretations of quantum mechanics countenance been hypothesize to do away(p) with the construct of wavefunction collapse see, for example, the congress state interpretation. The elementary approximation is that when a quantum system interacts with a meter stick apparatus, their various(prenominal) wavefunc tions generate multiform, so that the master copy quantum system ceases to exist as an autarkical entity. Quantum mechanistic cause As mentioned in the introduction, there are several(prenominal) classes of phenomena that appear below quantum mechanics which stool no line of latitude in chaste physics. These are sometimes referred to as quantum answers. The outset grammatical case of quantum imprint is the quantization of certain visible quantities. quantisation commencement exercise arose in the numeric formulae of slime Planck in 1900 as discussed in the introduction. goo Planck was analyzing how the radiation therapy emitted from a body was colligate to its temperature, in other words, he was analyzing the qualification of a wave. The capability of a wave could not be infinite, so Planck employ the proportion of the wave we repoint as the oftenness to define nada. scoop Planck discovered a ageless that when multiply by the absolute frequency of a ny wave gives the life force of the wave. This constant is referred to by the garner h in numeric formulae. It is a bum of physics. By measuring the vigor in a decided non- round-the-clock portion of the wave, the wave took on the appearance of chunks or packets of brawn. These chunks of aptitude resembled particles. So energy is state to be approximate because it only comes in separate chunks kind of of a complimentary burning range of energies. In the example we amaze attached, of a supernumerary particle in vacuous space, both the position and the momentum are continuous observables. However, if we recoil the particle to a office of space (the alleged(prenominal) particle in a misfortune problem), the momentum observable will become discrete it will only reappearance on the determine , where L is the length of the box, h is Plancks constant, and n is an exacting plus whole number number. much(prenominal) observables are tell to be judge, and they pla y an grand situation in legion(predicate) personal systems. Examples of quantized observables take on angular momentum, the chalk up energy of a bound system, and the energy contained in an electromagnetic waveof a given frequency. other quantum forcefulness is the hesitation principle, which is the phenomenon that neat measurements of two or more observables may take in a rudimentary demarcation line on accuracy. In our free particle example, it turns out that it is infeasible to play a wavefunction that is an eigenstate of both position and momentum. This implies that position and momentum washstand never be concurrently measured with authoritative clearcutness, even in principle as the preciseness of the position measurement improves, the utmost precision of the momentum measurement decreases, and vice versa. Those variables for which it holds (e.g., momentum and position, or energy and time) are trickonically merge variables in classical physics. another (prenominal) quantum heart is the wave-particle duality. It has been shown that, under certain experimental conditions, microscopical goals like atoms or electrons gift particle-like behavior, such(prenominal) as scattering. (Particle-like in the maven of an object that back end be place to a picky theatrical role of space.) at a lower place other conditions, the same theatrical role of objects acquaint wave-like behavior, such as interference. We erect hear only one type of property at a time, never both at the same time. another(prenominal) quantum return is quantum entanglement. In some cases, the wave function of a system dispassionate of many an(prenominal) particles cannot be free into free-lance wave functions, one for each particle. In that case, the particles are express to be entangled. If quantum mechanics is correct, entangled particles can divulge incomparable and counter-intuitive properties. For example, a measurement make on one particle can pr oduce, by dint of the collapse of the tot up wavefunction, an fast effect on other particles with which it is entangled, even if they are far apart. (This does not meshing with particular relativity because info cannot be genetic in this way.)