Strain Theory Free Essay Example, 3500 words

Criminology theory has equally been subjected to extensive fact finding debate and variables involved. These variables are taken through rigorous tests in discussion and experiments to test and prove hypothesis. The findings are central in establishment of most appropriate resolution approach from the source rather than the individual. In respect of strain theory, various social variables are aggregated to establish a model in support of an individual’s involvement in crime. Over the decades, criminology theory has evolved out of the emerging criminal behaviors that need to be studied and understood in depths. For instance, there are criminal records that illustrate high level of executionary strategies with minimal chances to be traced and this call for investigation and adjustment towards the existing theories (Einstadter & Henry, 2006). The dynamic political, economic and spiritual concerns of the society explain the changes in study of criminology. Strain theory had faded away and was nearly done away with until recently when it was given a new life in response to the recent developments in criminology. One of the scholars that have been at the forefront of renewing the life of criminology and strain theory in particular is Robert Agnew. We will write a custom essay sample on Strain Theory or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/pageorder now In this criminal theoretical framework, definitions on measurements of strain, the major types of strain, the links between strain and crime, coping strategies to strain, the determinants of delinquent or nondelinquent behavior, and policy recommendations have been made. Strain theory has also been important in explaining the crime differences in regard to groups, for instance man versus women crime rates. Although the original strain theory was a work of Durkheim and Merton which was also derived from the theory of anomie, Robert Agnew improved it to fit into the contemporary society characterized by multiple cases of crime. The initial focus of strain theory was on decrease of societal and the result the resultant strain on an individual. Part of it also focused on cultural imbalance that exists between goal and the norms of the individuals of the larger society. Anomie is therefore put into two levels. One aspect of it which is also known as macr oside explains the failure of society to set limits on goals and control individual behaviors (Siegel, 2012). On the other hand, strain theory which is also referred to as microside emphasizes reasons behind higher probability of likelihood to deviate as a result of societal breakdown.

Coca Cola Financial Analysis Essay - 6376 Words

Financial Analysis Project – Final Paper Jennifer M. Harding Cardinal Stritch University MBA 521 August 28th, 2014 Purpose of Analysis All managers need to understand where value comes from in their firm. The purpose of this analysis is to identify the financial strategy and performance of this particular publicly traded company. The process of understanding the risk and profitability of a company by analyzing reported financial info, especially annual and quarterly reports are vital to identifying the company’s overall financial performance. I wanted to analyze Coca Cola because the company has so much history and is one of the most recognizable brands in the world. I have always enjoyed researching food and beverage companies†¦show more content†¦Major Operations The Coca-Cola system is not a single entity from a legal or managerial perspective, and the company does not own or control all of their bottling partners. While many view the company as simply Coca-Cola, their system operates through multiple local channels. The Company manufactures and sells concentrates, beverage bases and syrups to bottling operations, owns the brands and is responsible for consumer brand marketing initiatives. Coca Cola’s bottling partners manufacture, package, merchandise and distribute the final branded beverages to Coca Cola customers and vending partners, who then sell their products to consumers (Wikipedia, 2). All bottling partners work closely with customers (grocery stores, restaurants, street vendors, convenience stores, movie theaters and amusement parks, etc.) to execute localized strategies developed in partnership with Coca Cola. Customers then sell their products to consumers at a rate of more than 1.9 billion servings a day. In January 2006, company-owned bottling operations were brought together to form the Bottling Investments operating group, now the second-largest bottling partner in the Coca-Cola system in terms of unit case volume. Distribution Coca-Cola’s portfolio features 17 billion-dollar brands including Diet Coke, Fanta, Sprite, Coca-Cola Zero, Vitaminwater, Powerade, Minute Maid, Simply, Georgia and DelShow MoreRelatedFinancial Analysis Coca-Cola2218 Words   |  9 PagesFinancial Analysis for the Coca-Cola Company and PepsiCo years 2004 and 2005. Financial Analysis is very important to present how well a company is being managed. Keeping track of financial statements, taxes, audits, and various other areas of financials show how well a company is doing, or better yet has done in these years, and the probability of improvement in the future. Having data on how a company will do in the future is important so that management, investors, and creditors can see ifRead MoreA Financial Analysis of Coca Cola2473 Words   |  10 PagesINTRODUCTION The Coca-Cola Company is the world largest beverage company. Along with Coca-Cola, recognized as the world’s most valuable brand, the company markets four of the world’s top 5 non-alcoholic sparkling brands, including Diet Coke, Fanta, and Sprite. Consumers in more than 200 countries are enjoying the company’s beverages at a rate exceeding 1.4 billion servings each day. The Coca-Cola Company engages in the manufacture, distribution, and marketing of nonalcoholic beverage concentratesRead MoreCoca Cola Financial Analysis1376 Words   |  6 PagesAssignment #1: Coca-Cola Company Financial Results Analysis: Q3 2012 ACC499/Accounting Capstone 10/21/12 Coca-Cola Company is a beverage company headquartered in the United States with significant international operations. 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In that regard, it is important to note that the relevance of a horizontal, vertical as well as ratio analysis of a companys financial statements cannot be overstated. ThisRead MoreEssay on Coca-Cola Financial Analysis2267 Words   |  10 Pages Introduction The Coca-Cola recipe was originally founded and formulated by John Pemberton at the Pemberton’s Eagle Drug and Chemical House. By 1885, the product was registered as a French Wine Coca as a patent medicine. Pemberton claimed Coca-Cola cured morphine addiction, dyspepsia, neurasthenia, headaches and impotence. The carbonated drink began its first sales at Jacob’s Pharmacy in Atlanta, Georgia on May 8, 1886 for 5 cents a glass with its first advertisement in the Atlanta Journal onRead MoreFinancial Analysis of Coca Cola Beverages6117 Words   |  25 PagesNo matter where you live, chances are you know Coca-Cola. It is the world s most valuable brand. One may not, however, be as familiar with their extensive product portfolio, how they work with their bottling partners or the specific actions they take every day as they relate to people and the planet. The Coca-Cola Company is the world s largest nonalcoholic beverage company. They market a wide range of beverages, including coffees and teas, juice and juice drinks, and sports drinks and watersRead MoreFinancial Report Analysis : Coca Cola And Pepsico1020 Words   |  5 PagesFinancial Report Analysis: Coca-Cola and PepsiCo Coca-Cola and PepsiCo are the most iconic and globally known biggest soft drink companies, and their products and beverages are sold around the world. It seems that their battle in the non-alcoholic beverage drinking industry never ends. Among consumers, it is challenging to decide which of the two leading soft drinks they prefer because the both companies’ products are taking over the soft drink markets by its brand name, and the variety of products’Read MoreFinancial Statement Analysis of Coca-Cola, 20021358 Words   |  6 PagesFinancial Statement Analysis of Coca-Cola, 2002 Uploaded by craigi on Jun 13, 2006 Financial Statement Analysis of Coca-Cola, 2002 The following is an analysis based on the annual report presented by the Coca Cola Company, year 2000. I will on behalf of the information shown in the balance sheet, income statement and the cash flow statement, conduct a number of calculations of ratios. Furthermore comment on changes providing an overall status rapport compared to estimations from previous

Prone Positioning On Critically Ill Health And Social Care Essay Free Essays

In my nursing experience, I have worked in both the neonatal intensive attention unit ( NICU ) and the paediatric intensive attention unit ( PICU ) . When I worked in the NICU, our babies were positioned prone ( face down ) for comfort grounds for the bulk of a 24 hr period. Our neonatologists seldom used sedation or trouble direction resources for our automatically ventilated patients. We will write a custom essay sample on Prone Positioning On Critically Ill Health And Social Care Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now In the PICU I presently work in, all of our automatically ventilated patients are given uninterrupted medicines for both sedation and hurting, nevertheless prone placement is about ne’er used. When I have positioned patients prone in the past, most nurses look cross-eyed at me as though I have done something incorrect. Past research has suggested that prone placement is a curative manoeuvre that improves oxygenation in both paediatric and big patient populations ( Curley et al. , 2006 ) . However, some clinical tests in both paediatric and big populations have demonstrated that there is no betterment in clinical results for the patient ( Curley et al. , 2006 ) . In other surveies, when a patient is placed in the prone place, it has been shown that there is an increased in terminal expiratory lung volume and improved ventilator-perfusion fiting taking to better oxygenation ( Gattinoni et al. , 2001 ) . As you can see, there is assorted informations from many surveies proposing prone positioning leads to break clinical results for patients. Besides, as I was researching, I truly could n’t happen a survey or literature that was new within the last 5 old ages. There is a current demand for updated research surveies and information. Hopefully I can carry through and add to the research with my proposed survey. Purpose, Aims, and Hypothesiss The intent of this research survey would be to bring forth informations to assist infirmaries develop a policy, process and protocol for prone placement in critically sick, paediatric patients. The informations collected from this survey can add to the literature and hopefully convey current evidence-based pattern to PICUs across the state. Harmonizing to Polit A ; Beck ( 2008 ) , purposes can be defined as the particular accomplishments a research worker would trust to accomplish by carry oning a research survey. My proposed survey has two specific research purposes. Aim 1 To prove the effectivity of prone placement in automatically ventilated, critically sick paediatric patients, related to betterments in oxygenation. Aim 2 To analyze techniques in airway direction of a automatically ventilated, critically sick paediatric patient, to find the safest nursing pattern in prone placement. Hypothesiss For Aim 1, the hypothesis is that paediatric patients, who are critically sick and automatically ventilated, will hold better positive clinical results related to betterment in oxygenation in prone placement than in supine placement. The void hypothesis is that there is no difference in prone or supine placement in patient clinical results. For Aim 2, the hypothesis is that there will be safe techniques in airway direction in prone placement for the automatically ventilated, critically sick paediatric patient. The void hypothesis is that there is no safe technique in airway direction in the prone place based on continued, critical inauspicious events. Background The reappraisal of literature on the effects of prone placement in automatically ventilated patients has mixed ideas. Surveies conducted by Dr. Martha Curley and her research squad from Boston Children ‘s Hospital have refuted and so accepted the usage of prone placement in automatically ventilated, critically sick paediatric patients. Curley et Al. ( 2000 ) researched the physiologic alterations of automatically ventilated paediatric patients and evaluated the safety of prone placement who experienced acute lung hurt. The information was collected from a single-center prospective instance series from October 1997 to March 1999. The sample was 25 paediatric patients with bilateral paranchymal disease necessitating mechanical airing with a partial force per unit area of arterial oxygenation ( PaO2 ) to the fraction of divine O ( FiO2 ) ratio of less than or equal to 300 millimetres of quicksilver ( mm Hg ) ( Curley et al. , 2000 ) . The patient ‘s ages ranged from 2 months to 17 old ages. The participants were placed prone for 20 hours a twenty-four hours â€Å" until clinical betterment or decease occurred † ( Curely et al. , 2000, p. 156 ) . After run intoing eligible standards, informations collected consisted of arterial blood gases, critical marks ( temperature, bosom rate and arterial blood force per unit area, and cardinal venous force per unit area. Ventilator scenes and the figure of staff utilized and the clip it took to turn a patient were besides collected. The research workers besides collected informations on the medicine profile, particularly comfort medicines such as morphia and diazepam, and assessed force per unit area ulcers and presenting. â€Å" Features of the survey population are expressed as frequences, mean ( +/- SEM ) , or average with interquartile scopes ( IRQs ; 25th and 75th percentile ) † ( Curley et al. , 2000, p. 158 ) . The survey revealed that when prone place informations measurings were compared to the patient ‘s supine measurings, there were immediate and cumulative betterments in oxygenation ( Curley et al. , 2000, p. 161 ) . The research workers conclude that their survey suggests informations that prone placement is both safe and effectual in paediatric patients with ALI. Dr. Curley and her co-workers believe that this survey provides a foundation for a hereafter randomized survey to look into early and repeated prone placement for this paediatric population. Dr. Curley and her co-workers took on a prospective, multi-center randomized survey from August 2001 to April 2004. The hypothesis of this survey was that kids with ague lung hurt treated with prone positioning would hold more ventilator-free yearss than those treated with supine placement. Patients were included if they were age 2 hebdomads to 18 old ages old, intubated and automatically ventilated with a ratio of a PaO2 to FiO2 of 300 or less, bilateral pneumonic infiltrates, and no clinical grounds of left atrial high blood pressure ( Curley et al. , 2005 ) . Exclusion standards included patients less than 2 hebdomads of age, less than 42 hebdomads post conceptual age, had relentless hypotension or intellectual high blood pressure, cardiac related respiratory failure, and a figure of other medical conditions listed by the writers in their article. Of 8017 patients screened, merely a sum of 102 participants were included in the survey. A information and safety supervising board stopped the test at the interim analysis based on the futility fillet regulation. Ninety-four patients had completes the 28-day survey period. Of these 94, 47 were in each of the groups. After statistical analysis had been done, it was determined that if the survey had reached the planned registration of 180 patients, the chance of showing a difference in ventilator-free yearss between intervention groups was less than one per centum ( Curley et al. , 2005, p. 232 ) . The survey found that there was no statistically important difference of ventilator-free yearss between supine and prone placement in paediatric patients with acute lung hurt. Dr. Curley and her co-workers do non back up the continued usage of prone placement of paediatric patients as a curative intercession to better results in acute lung hurt ( Curley et al. , 2005, p. 236 ) . This province counters the research decisions drawn from Curley et Al. ( 2000 ) . Interestingly, Dr. Curley continued her research by executing a secondary analysis on this information collected in 2006. The intent of this secondary analysis was to depict the effects of prone positioning on airway direction, mechanical airing, enteric nutrition, hurting and sedation direction and staff use in paediatric patients with acute lung hurt ( Curley et al. , 2006 ) . The research workers suggest that their informations really shows that prone placement can be accomplished safely in critically sick paediatric patients. The research workers besides province that they believe patients can be safely assess and managed piece maintained in the prone place for drawn-out periods of clip, every bit long as 20 back-to-back hours ( Curley et al. , 2006, p. 417 ) . In this article on secondary analysis performed by Dr. Curley and her co-workers ( 2006 ) , they province that prone placement should go on to be used in critically sick kids as a enlisting manoeuvre in acute lung hurt to better oxygenation, lessening force per unit area wounds, and decreased bronchopulmonary compaction. These research workers besides province that this is the first survey to clearly show that prone placement can be accomplished safely. After researching prone placement in critically sick, automatically ventilated paediatric patients, I wholeheartedly agree. I believe that this is why these surveies could be replicated to assist formalize the protocols developed by Dr. Curley and her co-workers. Significance The significance of a research survey on prone placement in paediatric patients is overpowering. In my ain personal experience, there has ne’er been grounds presented to my nursing co-workers or myself on whether prone placement is really safe and effectual. As antecedently stated, in reexamining the literature, there are really few clinical surveies that would be considered good mentions as true province of the art, evidence-based nursing pattern. In fact, I can non believe that merely Dr. Martha Curley has taken this undertaking on for the paediatric population. This proposed survey will be able to place the effectivity of prone positioning on improved oxygenation in a automatically ventilated paediatric patient. From survey informations aggregation, techniques in safe air passage direction could assist ease the usage of prone placement in paediatric patients of all ages and sizes and possibly advance more positive clinical results. In my survey, I hope to retroflex Dr. Curley ‘s methods utilizing her protocols, with some minor tweaking. This proposed survey should add to the organic structure of literature. The significance of this survey could assist formalize Dr. Curley ‘s protocols from her past surveies and besides assist make a criterion of pattern for prone placement. Research Methods Sample, Setting and Recruitment The mark population to be studied would be critically sick, paediatric patients runing from ages 2 hebdomads to 18 old ages of age. Inclusion standards will besides include patients with acute respiratory hurt necessitating cannulation and mechanical airing. Exclusion standards will be patients with respiratory hurt or failure of cardiac nature. Patients will besides be excluded if they have spinal instability or hold had abdominal surgery, as it would non be safe for these patients to be prone positioned. Patients with tracheotomies will be excluded. I would trust to include patients on conventional airing and high frequence hovering airing. Patients will be excluded if they weigh over 200 lbs, as the protocol will merely utilize three staff members to turn the patient, and this may be insecure in a patient of this size. The survey participants will be recruited from paediatric intensive attention units from infirmary centres willing to take part. In day-to-day unit of ammunitions, we would allow the paediatric critical attention doctors determine if the patient ‘s medical position was stable plenty to be eligible for survey standard. Randomization of patients will be done between prone placement and supine placement by utilizing a consecutive figure system. Centers will be provided envelopes with cards denominating between prone and supine placement and assign as each new participant is eligible. A sample size that would mirror Dr. Curley ‘s would be ideal. I hope to obtain at least 100 participants, but purpose for 200 participants. With 200 participants, the hope is to duplicate the original sample size, duplicate the figure of prone-to-supine and supine-to-prone bends, and increase the cogency of the research. Data Collection and Instrumentation For my research survey, I hope to develop a systematic extension reproduction of the old surveies done by Dr. Curley and her research squad ( Curley et al. , 2000 ; Curley et al. , 2005 ; Curley et al. , 2006 ) . Dr. Curley and her co-workers ( 2006 ) developed a prone placement protocol for bedside nurses to follow in respects to analyze participants. The protocol is attached in Appendix1, nevertheless a brief drumhead is provided to assist assistance in the shaping of informations aggregation and instrumentality. When a patient has been met standards and is designated as eligible for the survey, informations will be collected based on the Pediatric Risk for Mortality III ( PRISM III ) ( Pollack et al. , 1997 ) . Demographics such as age, race, and ethnicity will be categorized. An anteroposterior thorax radiogram, in the supine place, should be obtained to document and guarantee that the endotracheal tubing ( ETT ) is positioned decently in the deep windpipe. The security of the ETT shall be assessed every bit good, based on the establishments current protocols. The size of the ETT, whether it is cuffed or uncuffed, and arrangement shall be paperss as Ten centimetres ( centimeter ) at the gum, as in â€Å" the patient has a 4.5 cuffed ETT, taped firmly at 12 centimeter at the gum † . The turnup of an ETT should be inflated with the minimum leak technique: inflate turnup until an air leak is ascultated at end-inspiration while maintain turnup force per unit area gt ; 25 millimeter Hg ( Curley et al. , 2006, p. 420 ) . Security of the ETT and arrangement at the gum will be documented after each bend from the supine-to-prone and prone-to-supine placement every bit good as every 4 hours while in the prone place. The nurse or respiratory healer will docu ment whether or non the patient had a nonelective extubation during the bend. In respects to soothe and clamber unity, the patient ‘s should hold separately sized caput, thorax, pelvic, and leg shock absorbers to place the patients while prone ( Curley et al. , 2006, p. 419 ) . The end is to hold the patient positioned prone, with their shoulders, hips and lower limbs supported while their venters has room to stick out ( towards the bed ) and custodies can be tucked under the venters. The existent shock absorber will be difficult to set up, as every infirmary uses different positioning devices, nevertheless, I will offer the thoughts of slackly rolled covers or the Eggcrate stuff cut to the appropriate size. It will be documented if the patient has developed a force per unit area ulcer, and the ulcer will be staged harmonizing to National Pressure Ulcer Advisory Panel ‘s ( NPUAP ) description. The NPUAP ( 2007 ) established four phases of force per unit area ulcers. The first phase includes force per unit area sores that include non-blanchable inflammation, with integral tegument, normally over a cadaverous prominence. Phase two includes shoal, unfastened ulcers with a ruddy or pink pigmentation, without sheding of the tegument. Stage three ulcers include a full thickness tissue loss. Hypodermic fat is normally seeable at this phase and shedding may be present. In a phase four ulcer, the ulcer is stage three with seeable bone, musculus or sinew. A patient will stay positioned prone for 20 hours of the twenty-four hours and supine for 4 hours a twenty-four hours. The length of clip a patient is prone and supine will be recorded. Ongoing measurement will be done on all organic structure systems, including pneumonic and circulatory. Arterial blood gases will be obtained 1 hr prior to a patient being positioned prone and 1 hr after the patient has been prone. To maximise safety, staff will use bedside nurses and respiratory healers during chances for turning. The respiratory healer should be responsible for the unity of the tubing and turning the patients head, bedside nurse 1 shall be responsible for the turning of the shoulders, thorax and weaponries, and beside nurse 3 shall be responsible for the turning of the hips and legs. The prone positioning protocol that is attached as Appendix 1 which will be at the bedside of every patient for the nurses and respiratory healers to follow consequently. Datas Analysis Harmonizing to Polit A ; Beck ( 2008 ) , there are two wide categories of statistical trials, parametric and nonparametric. Parametric trials normally involve the appraisal of parametric quantities, require measurings on an interval graduated table, and presume that the variables for distributed usually for a population. These trials are frequently considered the most power and are normally preferred by research workers ( Polit A ; Beck, 2008, p. 591 ) . Nonparametric trials do non gauge parametric quantities, normally used when the sample size is little or the information is considered non-normal. Figure 22.5 in Polit A ; Beck ( 2008, p. 592 ) is a speedy mention for choosing bivariate statistical trials. Harmonizing to Polit A ; Beck ( 2008 ) , the Fisher ‘s exact trial will be used to prove the significance of the differences in the two interventions ( Polit A ; Beck, 2008, p. 601 ) . Fisher ‘s exact trial or x2 trial will be used to compare prone and supine groups in their baseline features and results that will be calculated on an single patient footing. Based on the categorical informations, such as the oxygenation of the patient, related to the arterial blood gases, I think a Fisher ‘s exact trial will be the best trial. The accidental extubation rate during bends will be calculated utilizing an exact binomial trial for comparing the rates of two Poisson procedures. For prone patients, Wald ‘s statistic, distributed as a qi square, will be calculated based on results evaluated after alterations in placement. The figure of staff utilized and the length of clip involved in the place turns will be analyzed utilizing signed rank trials such as a Wilcoxon rank trial. Once all information has been collected, synthesized and analyzed, the research will be drafted into a manuscript and submitted to the Pediatric Critical Care diary. Before the survey begins, it will be reviewed, and hopefully approved, by the IRB. Before a patient becomes a participant of the survey, written informed consent will be obtained from a parent or legal defender. Both female and male patients will be utilized, and the exclusion standard is entirely based on patient safety. The participants will be allocated to the prone and supine placement groups reasonably by utilizing random assignment. Complete decrease of prejudice can non be established because it will be impossible for the clinicians to non cognize whether or non their patient is positioned prone or supine. With the assorted placement protocols and adjustments with pressure-reducing stuffs, I hope to diminish the incidence of compromised tegument unity and uncomfortableness. This survey does non object, and encourages the usage of sedation and hurting medicines while the participants are automatically ventilated. How to cite Prone Positioning On Critically Ill Health And Social Care Essay, Essay examples